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PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I > Chapter 4.2 > Flashcards

Chapter 4.2 Flashcards

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1
Q

Light

A

-a form of electromagnetic radiation that travels as a wave

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2
Q

Amplitude

A

-affects the perception of brightness

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3
Q

Wavelength

A

-affects the perception of colour (hue)

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4
Q

Purity

A

-influences perception of the saturation/richness of colour

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5
Q

Additive Colour Mixing

A

-mixing the red, green, blue hues to produce any colour
-white light produced from mixing equal amounts of red, green, blue

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6
Q

Subtractive Colour Mixing

A

-mixing pigmented like paint or ink

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7
Q

Colour

A

-wavelengths of light are reflected and the wavelengths create a pattern of firing in photoreceptors
-the different wavelengths are interpreted by the brain as colours

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8
Q

Pupil

A

-circular hole through which light enters the eye

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9
Q

Pupillary Reflec

A

-response to light that allows light to enter in lesser amounts

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10
Q

Cornea

A

-part of the eye containing transparent cells that focus light on the retina
-80% of eyes focusing power
-fixed in place

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11
Q

Lens

A

-part of the eye that changes curvature to keep images in focus
-other 20% of focusing power
-flexible, adjusts to focus light

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12
Q

Accommodation

A

-changing the shape of the lens to focus on objects near or far
-ciliary muscles change curvature of lens

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13
Q

Myopia

A

-nearsightedness
-see close objects clearly
-results when images are focused in front of the retina
-cornea too steep or eye too long
-most common need for glasses in adults

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14
Q

Hyperopia

A

-farsightedness
-can’t see objects close
-image is focused behind retina
-cornea is too flat or eye
is too short

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15
Q

Presbyopia

A

-loss of flexibility in the lens due to aging

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16
Q

Close Object

A

-lens gets rounder

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17
Q

Distant Object

A

-lens get flatter

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18
Q

Near Point

A

-the limits of accommodation
-the point at which the lens can no longer adjust
-image stays blurry

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19
Q

Retina

A

-membrane at the back of the eye responsible for converting light into neural activity

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20
Q

Fovea

A

-central portion of the retina
-responsible for acuity
-have no rods but many cones

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21
Q

Acuity

A

-sharpness of vision

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22
Q

Photoreceptors

A

-line the retina
-process info and send it to the brain

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23
Q

Rods

A

-receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in low levels of light
-also peripheral vision
-more plentiful
-long and narrow
-allow us to see basic shapes and colours

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24
Q

Dark Adaptation

A

-time in dark before rods regain maximum light sensitivity

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25
Q

Cones

A

-receptor cells in the retina allowing us to see in colour
-less numerous

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26
Q

Photopigments

A

-chemicals that change following exposure to light

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27
Q

Why are there more rods?

A

-they cover more space along the retina

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28
Q

Rhodopsin

A

-photopigment in rods
-vitamin A used to make

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29
Q

Optic Nerve

A

-nerve that travels from the retina to the brain

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30
Q

Blind Spot

A

-region of the retina containing no rods
-completely devoid of sense receptors

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31
Q

Simple Cells

A

-cells in the visual cortex
-“yes-no” responses to slits of a specific orientation

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32
Q

Complex Cells

A

-cells in the visual cortex
-orientation specific
-responses are less specific to one location

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33
Q

Feature Detection

A

-cell that detects lines and edges

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34
Q

Trichromatic Theory

A

-idea that colour vision is based on our sensitivity to three primary colours (red, green, blue)

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35
Q

Colour Blindness

A

-can’t see all colours
-usually due to absence of one or more types of cones-explained by trichromatic theory

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36
Q

Trichromats

A

-normal humans
-have all 3 kinds of cones

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37
Q

Dichromats

A

-only see 2 kinds of cones
-normal for some species
-considered colourblindness in others

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38
Q

Monochromats

A

-only see one kind of cone
-no colour vision

39
Q

Opponent Process Theory

A

-theory that we perceive colours in terms of three pairs of opponent colours
-blue and yellow and red and green
-explains afterimages

40
Q

Afterimages

A

-when you look at a colour for too long and look away, you may see the same image in a different colour
-not explained by trichromatic theory

41
Q

Dual-Process Theory

A

-both trichromatic theory and opponent-process theory explain colour vision

42
Q

Shape and Contour

A

-Hubel and Weisel in the 1960’s found other cells that fire to certain patterns

43
Q

Visual Agnosia

A

-deficit in perceiving objects
-can tell shape and colour but not recognize or name the object

44
Q

Audition

A

-our sense of hearing

45
Q

Sound

A

-a vibration/mechanical wave that travels through a medium (usually air)
-no sound in a vacuum (space)

46
Q

Frequency (Pitch)

A

-corresponds to the frequency of the wave
-rate at which waves vibrate
-higher frequency = higher pitch
-measured in Hz

47
Q

Amplitude (Loudness)

A

-the intensity of the sounds
-measured in dB

48
Q

Complexity (Timbre)

A

-sounds are a mixture of frequencies
-the quality or complexity of a sound
-info about the nature of a sound

49
Q

Perceived loudness ________ about every 6-10dB

A

doubles

50
Q

Pinna

A

-part of the ear we see
-skin and cartilage flap
-funnels sound waves to the eardrum

50
Q

Ossicles

A

-3 tiny bones that amplify the force of the sound waves on the eardrum

51
Q

Cochlea

A

-in the inner ear
-converts vibration into neural energy
-filled with fluid

52
Q

Organ of Corti

A

-tissue containing hair cells that are necessary for hearing

53
Q

Basilar Membrane

A

-membrane supporting the organ of corti and hair cells in the cochlea

54
Q

Pitch Perception

A

-processed by primary auditory cortex

55
Q

Hair cells at the base of the basilar membrane are most excited by ____-pitched tones

A

high

56
Q

Hair cells at the top of the basilar membrane are most excited by ____-pitched tones

A

low

57
Q

Place Theory

A

-a specific place along the basilar membrane matches a tone with a specific pitch

58
Q

Frequency Theory

A

-rate at which neurons fire the action potentials affect perception of pitch
-works for tones up to 100Hz
-Volley theory for higher pitches

59
Q

Conductive Deafness

A

-due to malfunctioning of the ear
-esp. failure of eardrum or ossicles

60
Q

Nerve Deafness

A

-due to damage of the auditory nerve

61
Q

Hearing loss can be A)___ or B)___

A

-noise-induced
-age-related (presbycusis)

62
Q

Olfaction

A

-our sense of smell
-chemical sense

63
Q

Gustation

A

-our sense of taste
-chemical sense
-gustatory receptors are clusters of taste cells found in taste buds

64
Q

Papillae

A

-bumps on the tongue that contain many taste buds
-for 5 flavours: bitter, sweet, salty, sour, umami (meaty/savoury)

65
Q

Taste Perception

A

-depends on complex patterns of neural activity
-preferences are innate and automatically regulated, but usually learned

66
Q

Gustatory Cortex

A

-taste related area in the brain
-also reach somatosensory cortex (texture) and limbic system

67
Q

Taste Variations

A

-people are variably sensitive to taste
-not everyone has the same experience

68
Q

Smell Perception

A

-receptors are olfactory cilia
-located in upper portion of nasal passages
-experiences guide our perceptions

69
Q

Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs)

A

-chemical stimuli that are carried in the air

70
Q

Pheromones

A

-odourless chemical that serves as a social signal to members of one’s species
-may be signals for mating, menstruation

71
Q

Flavour

A

-the combination of taste and smell

72
Q

Somatosensory System

A

-responsible for the sensation of touch, temperature, and pain

73
Q

Nociception

A

-perception of pain and temperature

74
Q

Hapsis

A

-perception of objects using touch and pressure

75
Q

Proprioception

A

-knowledge of the position of your limbs in space

76
Q

Balance

A

-controlled by the vestibular system in the inner ear

77
Q

The Skin

A

-largest organ in the body
-contains receptors for pain and touch
-important role in defense

78
Q

Epidermis

A

-outermost layer of the skin
-dead skin cells

79
Q

Dermis

A

-below the epidermis

80
Q

Subcutaneous Layer

A

-layer below the dermis

81
Q

Referred Pain

A

-damage to internal organs causes pain in other locations

82
Q

Mechanoreceptors

A

-touch, pressure, temp receptors
-specialized nerve endings in the skin
-distributed unevenly across skin

83
Q

Free Nerve Endings

A

-similar to mechanoreceptors
-used lots for pain

84
Q

Touch and Pain Perception

A

-info about the stimuli travels in somatic nerves then spinal cord
-touch travels faster than pain
-activate spinal reflex before traveling to brain

85
Q

Nociceptive Pain

A

-pain caused by activation in the free nerve endings in skin

86
Q

Inflammatory Pain

A

-pain caused by damage to tissues and inflammation of joints or by tumour cells

87
Q

Neuropathic Pain

A

-pain caused by lesions or other damage to the nervous system

88
Q

Fast Pathway (A-delta)

A

-myelinated
-respond to pressure
-sensation of sharp, localized, fast pain

89
Q

Slow Pathway (C fibre)

A

-unmyelinated
-dull, diffuse, aching, burning, delayed pain

90
Q

Gate Control Model

A

-idea that pain is blocked from consciousness by neural mechanisms in the spinal cord

91
Q

Proprioception

A

-our sense of body position
-sense muscle stretch and force

92
Q

Vestibular System

A

-sense of equilibrium or balance
-also in inner ear

93
Q

Semicircular Canals

A

-three fluid-filled canals in the inner ear
-responsible for sense of balance

PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I (12 decks)

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