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PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I > Chapter 4.1 > Flashcards

Chapter 4.1 Flashcards

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1
Q

Sensation

A

-detection of a physical energy by sense organs
-sense organs send info to the brain

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2
Q

Perception

A

-the brains interpretation of raw sensory outputs

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3
Q

Illusion

A

-perception in which the way we perceive a stimulus doesn’t match its physical reality

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4
Q

Filling-In

A

-brain reconstructing things to show us stuff that isn’t really there
-can help us make sense or fool us instead

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5
Q

Transduction

A

-process of converting an external energy or substance into electrical activity within neurons
-done by sensory receptors in response to stimuli

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6
Q

Sense Receptor

A

-responsible for transduction for a specific sensory system
-have receptors rather than dendrites

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7
Q

Sensory Adaptation

A

-process in which activation is greatest when a stimulus is first detected
-a gradual decline in sensitivity due to prolonged stimulation/exposure
-keeps us attuned to changes rather than constants
-ie. your own house smell

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8
Q

Psychophysics

A

-the study of how we perceive sensory stimuli based on their physical characteristics
-produced from Gustav Fechner (1860) who was the first to describe the things required for sensation (stimulus)

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9
Q

Absolute Threshold

A

-the lowest level of a stimulus needed for the nervous system to detect a change on 50% of trials
-when no other stimuli of the same type are present
-nothing vs. something

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10
Q

Just Noticeable Difference (JND)

A

-the smallest change in the intensity of a stimulus that we can detect
-aka difference threshold
-ie. 6 lb weight in one hand and 5 lb in the other; is there a noticeable difference?

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11
Q

Weber’s Law

A

-there is a constant proportional relationship between JND and the original stimulus intensity
-a certain difference needed for us to tell things apart
-measured in %
-aka the stronger the stimulus, the bigger the change needed for it to be noticeable

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12
Q

Weber Fraction

A

-the constant proportion of Weber’s Law
-differs depending on sensory input

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13
Q

Signal Detection Theory

A

-theory regarding how stimuli are detected under different conditions
-accounts for expectations, consequences, response requirements

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14
Q

Signal Detection Expiriment

A

Components:
1. on 1/2 of the trials, one low intensity stimulus is presented
2. on 1/2 of the trials, no stimulus is presented
-trials are randomized so the subject cannot predict outcomes

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15
Q

Signal-to-noise Ratio

A

-it is harder to detect a signal as background noise increases

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16
Q

Signal Detection: Hit

A

-subject detects a stimulus that was present

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17
Q

Signal Detection: Miss

A

-subject fails to detect a stimulus that was present

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18
Q

Signal Detection: False Alarm

A

-subject indicates a stimulus was present when it was not

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19
Q

Signal Detection: Correct Rejection

A

-subject indicates there was no stimulus when there was no stimulus

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20
Q

Doctrine of Specific Nerve Energies

A

-1826: Johannes Müller
-says that even though there are many stimulus energies (light, sound, touch), the sensation we experience is determined by the sense receptor, not the stimulus
-ie. Phosphenes

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21
Q

Phosphenes

A

-vivid sensations of the light cause by pressure on eye’s receptor cells
-occur due to brain reacting the same way to light and touch perception

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22
Q

Cross-Modal Processing

A

-processing of signals from one sense in another sensory area

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23
Q

McGurk Effect

A

-when processing speech brain calculates most probable sound from given vision and audition info
-mismatch between what is seen and what is heard
-ie. ba vs. fa

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24
Q

Synesthesia

A

-a condition in which people experience cross-modal sensations
-over 60 types identified

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25
Q

Grapheme-Colour Synesthesia

A

-most common type of synesthesia
-person’s experience of numbers and letters are associated with the experience of colour

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26
Q

Other types of synesthesia???? pg 124

A
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27
Q

The Role of Attention

A

-attention and perception interact
-focus our attention on certain stimuli in our environment
-sometimes we exclude other information

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28
Q

Selective Attention

A

-process of selecting one sensory channel and ignoring or minimizing others
-involved reticular activating system (RAS) of the forebrain

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29
Q

Dichotic Listening

A

-used to study selective attention
-people hear two different messages, one in each ear, and ask them to ignore a message in one ear
-subject knew little or nothing about the messages as a result

30
Q

Cocktail Party Effect

A

-our ability to pick out important messages in a conversation that doesn’t involve us
-not explained by selective attention
-ie. our name

31
Q

Inattentional Blindness

A

-failure to detect stimuli that are in plain sight when our attention is focused elsewhere
-ie. gorilla suit during game of pass video

32
Q

The Binding Problem

A

-a great mystery of psychology
-different aspects of a stimulus are processed in a different part of our brain
-we perceive the stimulus as a single unit
-pieces are bound together seamlessly

33
Q

Parallel Processing

A

-ability to attend to many sense modalities simultaneously

34
Q

Bottom-up Processing

A

-processing in which a whole stimulus is constructed from parts
-stimulus driven

35
Q

Top-down Processing

A

-conceptually driven processing influenced by beliefs and expectancies

36
Q

Perceptual Hypotheses

A

-educated guesses about what our sensory system tells us
-sometimes correct

37
Q

Perceptual Set

A

-set formed when expectations influence perceptions
-and example of top-down processing

38
Q

Perceptual Constancy

A

-the process by which we perceive stimuli consistently across varied conditions
-3 types

39
Q

Shape Constancy (1/3)

A

-how we see shapes
-ie. 3 doors and we see one shut, open, and halfway open

40
Q

Size Constancy (2/3)

A

-our ability to perceive objects as the same size no matter their distance from us
-ie. when someone walks away from you, you don’t think they are shrinking

41
Q

Colour Constancy (3/3)

A

-our ability to perceive colour consistently across different levels of lighting

42
Q

Gestalt Principles

A

-rules that govern how we perceive objects as a whole within their context

43
Q

Subjective Contours

A

-when our brains provide missing info about outlines

44
Q

Proximity (gestalt principles)

A

-objects close together are perceived as unified wholes

45
Q

Similarity (gestalt principles)

A

-we see similar objects as comprising a whole, over dissimilar objects

46
Q

Continuity (gestalt principles)

A

-still perceiving objects as a whole even if other objects block part of them

47
Q

Closure (gestalt principles)

A

-when partial visual info is present our brains fill in the missing pieces
-similar to subjective contours

48
Q

Symmetry (gestalt principles)

A

-perceive objects that are symmetrically arranged as wholes more often than those that aren’t

49
Q

Figure-ground (gestalt principles)

A

-we make an instantaneous decision to focus on what we believe is the central figure
-ignore what we believe to be the background
-ie. vase vs. two faces

50
Q

Perceiving Motion

A

-we determine movement by comparing visual frames momentarily

51
Q

Motion Blindness

A

-can’t string images together to allow detection of motion

52
Q

Phi Phenomenon

A

-the illusory perception of movement produced by the successive flashing of images

53
Q

Apparent Motion

A

-when stimuli flash in different locations next to each other and movement is perceived

54
Q

Face Perception

A

-may be something we are born with
-2-3 week old babies can imitate face expressions

55
Q

Prosopagnosia

A

-face blindness
-need to look at cues to recognize people
-deficit in fusiform gyrus

56
Q

Depth Perception

A

-ability to judge distance and 3D relations

57
Q

Monocular Depth Cues

A

-stimuli that enable us to judge using only one eye

58
Q

Motion Parallax

A

-monocular cue
-ability to judge the distance of moving objects from their speed

59
Q

Pictorial Depth Cues

A

-monocular cue
-clues about distance in a flat picture
-many factors

60
Q

Relative Size (Pictorial Cues)

A

-more distant objects look smaller than closer objects

61
Q

Texture Gradient (Pictorial Cues)

A

-texture becomes less apparent as objects move farther away

62
Q

Interposition (Pictorial Cues)

A

-closer object blocks the view of object behind it

63
Q

Linear Perspective (Pictorial Cues)

A

-outlines of objects converge as distance increases
-vanishing point: where lines appear to meet

64
Q

Height in plane (Pictorial Cues)

A

-distant objects appear higher and closer ones appear lower

65
Q

Light and shadow (Pictorial Cues)

A

-objects cast shadows that give us a sense of their 3D form

66
Q

Binocular Depth Cues

A

-stimuli that enable us to judge using both eyes
-2 main depth cues

67
Q

Retinal Disparity

A

-binocular depth cue
-objects project images to slightly different locations on R and L retinas
-each eye sees a different view of the object

68
Q

Binocular Convergence

A

-binocular depth cue
-sensing the eyes move closer together as they focus on closer objects

69
Q

Auditory Localization

A

-locating the source of a sound in space
-intensity and timing of the sound arriving at the ear are factors that assist

70
Q

Subliminal Perception

A

-registration of sensory input without conscious awareness

71
Q

Subliminal Persuasion

A

-sub threshold influences our behaviour
-no evidence of lasting effect

PSYC 104 - Introductory Psychology I (12 decks)

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