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Microbiology > Chapter 6 > Flashcards

Chapter 6 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

organic chemistry

A
  • the study of compounds that contain carbon
  • some living organisms most not
  • involves fossil fuels, dyes, drugs, paper, ink, paints, plastics, gasoline, rubber tires, food, and clothing
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2
Q

inorganic chemistry

A

all chemical reactions that don’t include carbon

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3
Q

biochemistry

A
  • chemistry of living cells; chemistry of life

- involves study of biomolecules in a living organism

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4
Q

carbon bonds

A
  • carbon atoms have valence of 4 meaning they can and to 2 other atoms
  • when atoms of other elements attach to available carbon bonds compounds are formed
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5
Q

three ways that carbon atoms can bond to each other

A
  • single bond
  • double bond
  • triple bond
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6
Q

covalent bond

A
  • a pair of electrons is shared
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7
Q

series of carbon atoms bonded together

A

a chain

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8
Q

hydrocarbons

A
  • when only hydrogen atoms are bonded to available carbon bonds
  • organic molecule that contains only carbon and hydrogen
  • ex: methane, ethylene, acetylene
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9
Q

cyclic compounds

A
  • when carbon atoms link to other carbon atoms to close a chain and form rings
  • ex: benzene has 6 carbons and 6 hydrogens
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10
Q

macromolecules

A
  • large molecules
  • biomolecules in living organisms
  • include carbohydrates, lipids, proteins, and nucleic acids
  • other ex: vitamins, enzymes, hormones, and ATP
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11
Q

how to humans obtain nutrients

A
  • from foods they eat which are absorbed and carried to every cell in body where they are broken down and rearranged
  • microorganisms also absorb essential nutrients into cell by various means
  • nutrients are then used as metabolic reactions as source of energy and building blocks for enzymes, structural macromolecules, and genetic materials
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12
Q

carbohydrates

A
  • biomolecules composed of carbon, hydrogen, and O2 (1:2:1 ratio)
  • ex: glucose, fructose, sucrose, lactose, maltose, starch, cellulose, and glycogen
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13
Q

categories of carbohydrates

A
  • monosaccharides
  • disaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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14
Q

monosaccharides

A
  • smallest and simplest
  • one ring in structure
  • contain 2-9 carbon atoms mostly 5-6
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15
Q

most important monosaccharide

A
  • glucose (C6H12O6)
  • main source of energy for body cells
  • may occur as chain in alpha or beta ring
  • carried in blood to cells where it is oxidized to produce ATP
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16
Q

monosaccharide carbon atom number

A
  • 3 carbon = triose
  • 4 carbon = tetrose
  • 5 carbon = pentose
  • 6 carbon = hexose
  • 7 carbon = heptose
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17
Q

3 forms of glucose configurations

A
  • alpha glucose
  • straight chain form
  • beta glucose
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18
Q

disaccharides

A
  • double-ringed sugars the result from the combination of 2 monosaccharides
  • sucrose, lactose, maltose
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19
Q

dehydration synthesis reaction

A
  • combination of 2 monosaccharides and removal of water molecules
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20
Q

hydrolysis reaction

A
  • disaccharide reaction with water which causes them to break down into 2 monosaccharides
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21
Q

peptidoglycan

A
  • found in cell wall of all members of the domain bacteria

- a repeating disaccharide attached by proteins to form a lattice that surrounds and protects bacterial cell

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22
Q

carbohydrates composed of * monosaccharides

A
  • 3 = trisaccharides
  • 4 = tetrasaccharides
  • 5 = pentasaccharides
  • polysaccharides
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23
Q

polysaccharides

A
  • carbohydrates that are composed of many monosaccharides
  • most contain hundreds
  • examples of polymers which are molecules that consist of many similar subunits
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24
Q

2 main functions of polysaccharides

A
  • store of energy (glycogen in animal cells)

- provide tough molecule for structural support and protection (bacterial capsules)

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25
Q

polysaccharides broken down

A
  • in the presence of proper enzyme or acids polysaccharides may be hydrolyzed or broken down into disaccharides and then into monosaccharides
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26
Q

polysaccharides and bacterial cells

A
  • some bacteria produce polysaccharide capsules for protection from phagocytes
  • plant and algal cells have cellulose, a polysaccharides, cells walls for support
  • some protozoa, fungi, and bacteria have enzymes that can break down cellulose
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27
Q

combination of polysaccharides with other chemical groups

A
  • like amines, lipids, and amino acids
  • form complex macromolecules
  • chitin which is main component of outer shell for insects and crabs is found in cell wall of fungi
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28
Q

lipids

A
  • important class of biomolecules
  • most insoluble in water but soluble in fat solvents (ether, chloroform, benzene)
  • essential constituents of most living cells
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29
Q

classification of lipids

A
  • waxes
  • fats and oils
  • phospholipids
  • glycolipids
  • steroids
  • prostaglandins and leukotrienes
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30
Q

fatty acids

A
  • building blocks of lipids

- long chain carboxylic acids that are insoluble in water

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31
Q

saturated fatty acids

A
  • contain one single bond between carbon atoms

- solid at room temperature

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32
Q

monounsaturated fatty acids

A
  • have one double bond in carbon chain

- butter, olives, peanuts

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33
Q

polyunsaturated fatty acids

A
  • have two or more double bonds

- soybeans, safflowers, corn

34
Q

essential fatty acids

A
  • cannot be synthesized in human body

- must be provided by diet

35
Q

mycobacterium tuberculosis and waxes

A
  • cell wall contains waxes
  • waxes protect M. TB from digestion following phagocytosis by white blood cells
  • waxes make M. TB difficult to stain and destain which is why it is acid-fast
36
Q

glycerophospholipids

A
  • aka phosphoglycerides
  • most abundant lipids in cell membranes
  • cell membrane is lipid bilayer consisting of 2 rows of phospholipids arranged tail to tail
  • lecithins and cephalins found in brain and nerve tissues and egg yolk
37
Q

gram negative cell wall

A
  • contains lipoproteins and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)

- LPS consists of a lipid and a polysaccharide portion

38
Q

gram positive cell wall

A
  • do not contain LPS
39
Q

sphingolipids

A
  • phospholipids that contain sphingosine rather than glycerol
  • found in brain and nerve tissue
40
Q

prostaglandins and leukotrienes

A
  • derived from a fatty acid called arachidonic acid
  • wide variety of effects on body such as BP or hormones
  • leukotrienes can produce long lasting muscle contractions
41
Q

proteins

A
  • most essential chemical in all living cells “substance of life”
  • some are structural components of membranes, cells, and tissues
  • some are enzyme and hormones
  • all are polymers of amino acids
  • all contain carbon, hydrogen, O2, nitrogen, and sometimes sulfur
42
Q

amino acids

A
  • contain carbon, hydrogen, O2, nitrogen and sometimes sulfur
  • humans can synthesize some but not others
  • thousands of different proteins in human body composed of wide variety of amino acids in various quantities and arrangements
43
Q

protein structure

A
  • amino acids linked together to form proteins via covalent bonds which are peptide bonds
44
Q

covalent vs peptide bonds

A
  • covalent are bonds between different molecules

- peptide are bonds between amino acids

45
Q

types of peptide bonds

A
  • dipeptides
  • tripeptides
  • polypeptides
46
Q

secondary protein structure

A
  • twisting/coiling of chain of amino acids

- alpha helix or beta sheet

47
Q

tertiary protein structure

A
  • folding/entwining of chain
48
Q

quaternary protein structure

A
  • bonding of 2 or more polypeptide chains
49
Q

formation of a dipeptide

A

amino acid 1 + amino acid 2 —> dipeptide

50
Q

enzymes

A
  • all enzymes are proteins
  • specialized protein molecules produced by living cells
  • biological catalysts for metabolic reactions
  • almost every cell chemical reaction requires an enzyme
51
Q

catalyst

A
  • an agent that speeds up a chemical reaction without being consumed in the reaction
52
Q

apoenzymes

A
  • only function when linked with a nonprotein cofactor (Ca, Fe, Mg, Cu) or a coenzyme
  • some require vitamin-type compounds called coenzymes (vitamin C, flavin adenine dinucleotide (FAD), nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD))
53
Q

holoenzyme

A
  • combination of apoenzyme plus a cofactor

- “whole enzyme”

54
Q

how to name enzymes

A
  • named by adding “-ase” to the word

- lysosome and hemolysis are example not ending in ase

55
Q

enzyme substrate

A

the specific molecule on which an enzyme acts

56
Q

nucleic acid functions

A
  • DNA and RNA form 4th major biomolecule group of living cells
  • critical to proper cell function
  • DNA is hereditary molecule which contains genes and genetic codes
  • info in DNA must flow to rest of cell for function which is accomplished by RNA
  • RNA molecules convert genetic codes into proteins and other gene products
57
Q

nucleic acid structure

A
  • contain carbon, hydrogen, O2, nitrogen, and phosphorus
  • building blocks of nucleic acid polymers, DNA, and RNA are nucleotides
  • nucleotides are more complex monomers than amino acids
58
Q

DNA and RNA pentose

A
  • DNA has deoxyribose as its pentose

- RNA has ribose as its pentose

59
Q

nucleotide structure

A
  • contains a nitrogenous base, a five carbon sugar, and a phosphate group
60
Q

3 types of RNA

A
  • messenger RNA (mRNA)
  • ribosomal RNA (rRNA)
  • transfer RNA (tRNA)
61
Q

5 nitrogenous bases in nucleic acids

A
  • adenine (A)
  • guanine (G)
  • cytosine (C)
  • thymine (T) DNA only
  • uracil (U) RNA only
62
Q

purines and pyrimidines

A
  • A and G are purines

- T, C, and U are pyrimidines

63
Q

DNA structure

A
  • bonding forces result in double stranded helix shape

- for double stranded DNA molecule to form the two separate strands must bond together

64
Q

DNA bonds

A
  • A always with T via 2 hydrogen bonds
  • G always with C via 3 hydrogen bonds
  • A-T and G-C are known as base pairs
  • the hydrogen bonds are weak which allows us to read DNA/genes
  • strength within DNA strand itself is strong
65
Q

DNA replication

A
  • when a cell is preparing to divide the DNA molecules in the chromosome duplicate resulting in same genetic info passed to both daughter cells
  • occurs by separation of the 2 DNA strands and building complementary strands
  • must occur for cell to divide
  • original DNA splits and RNA form new bonds
66
Q

most important enzyme required for DNA replication

A
  • DNA polymerase
  • aka DNA-dependent DNA polymerase
  • most responsible
67
Q

gene expression

A
  • a gene is a particular segment of a DNA molecule or chromosome
  • a gene contains a blueprint that will enable a cell to make a gene products
  • the sequence of the 4 nitrogenous bases forms the instructions for a particular gene product
  • most genes code for proteins but sometimes rRNA or tRNA
  • some genes code for more than one gene product, may need different parts of DNA for one gene product
68
Q

The Central Dogma

A
  • explains flow of genetic info within a cell
  • DNA —> mRNA—> protein
  • aka “one gene one protein hypothesis”
  • one gene of a DNA molecule is used to make one molecule of mRNA by transcription
  • genetic info in mRNA is then used to make one or more proteins by translation
  • have gene responsible for every protein in body
69
Q

gene expression sequence

A

DNA —> transcription —> mRNA —> translation —> proteins

70
Q

genes on a chromosome

A
  • all genes on a chromosome are not being expressed any given time
  • it is not logical to have an enzyme when not needed
71
Q

inducible genes

A
  • genes that are only expressed when the gene products are needed
72
Q

constitutive genes

A
  • genes that are expressed at all times
73
Q

transcription

A
  • the process by which a genetic code within DNA molecule is transcribed to produce and mRNA molecule
  • primary enzyme involved in RNA polymerase
74
Q

transcription steps

A
  • RNA moves through and reads DNA
  • nitrogenous bases are added to RNA strand corresponding to DNA strand
  • ribonucleotides are added to 3’ end with help from RNA polymerase
75
Q

transcription and translation in eukaryotes

A
  • occurs within nucleus
  • newly formed mRNA travels out through pores of nuclear membrane into cytoplasm
  • proteins are produced in cytoplasm by translation
  • can’t happen simultaneously
76
Q

transcription and translation in prokaryotes

A
  • transcription occurs in cytoplasm
  • ribosomes attach to mRNA as they are being transcribed at DNA
  • transcription and translation can happen simultaneously
  • circular DNA
77
Q

translation

A
  • process of translating message carried by mRNA then particular tRNAs read it and carry amino acids to be bound together in proper sequence to make a protein
78
Q

codon

A
  • base sequence of mRNA molecule read in groups of 3
79
Q

anticodon

A
  • complementary 3 base sequence to codon on tRNA molecule that reads mRNA molecule
80
Q

translation steps

A
  • ribosome binds to mRNA
  • tRNA reads mRNA and has complementary bases that it binds to and creates amino acids which form to make a polypeptide chain (primary protein structure)
  • sequence of 3 base pairs codes for specific amino acid
81
Q

primary protein structure

A

linear sequence of amino acids

Microbiology (18 decks)

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