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Microbiology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

proper diagnosis of infectious disease requires:

A
  • complete pt hx
  • physical exam
  • evaluate signs and symptoms
  • proper selection, collection, transport, and processes of specimens
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2
Q

clinical specimens

A
  • collected from pts such as blood, urine, faces, and CSF
  • all should be of highest possible quality
  • commonly submitted to microbiology lab include blood, bone marrow, sputum, pus, skin scrapings, throat swabs
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3
Q

role of HCP in submitting clinical specimens

A
  • close working relationship among team to ensure proper diagnosis
  • exercise extreme caution during collection and transport of specimens
  • in labs al specimens are handled carefully exercising standard precautions
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4
Q

high quality clinical specimens

A
  • required to achieve accurate relevant results

- lab must provide written guidelines

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5
Q

3 components of specimens quality

A

1) proper selection
2) proper collection
3) proper transport to the lab

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6
Q

who is responsible for specimen quality

A
  • the person who collects the specimen
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7
Q

proper selection, collection, and transport (12)

A
  • properly selected and collected
  • from site where pathogen is suspected to be
  • obtained before antimicrobial therapy
  • collect during acute stage
  • performed with care to avoid pt harm
  • sufficient quantity collected
  • placed or collected into sterile container
  • protected from heat and cold and promptly delivered to lab
  • hazardous specimens handled with higher caution
  • sterile disposable container should be used
  • properly able container with request slip and instructions
  • collected and delivered as early as possible in the day
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8
Q

blood specimens

A
  • blood is usually sterile

- aseptic technique used with care to avoid contamination with indigenous skin microbiota

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9
Q

bacteremia

A

presence of bacteria in bloodstream

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10
Q

septicemia

A
  • serious disease characterized by chills, fever, prostration, and bacteria or other toxins in bloodstream
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11
Q

plasma

A

liquid portion of unclothed blood

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12
Q

serum

A

liquid portion of clotted blood

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13
Q

during specimens

A
  • sterile in bladder but becomes contaminated by indigenous microbiota of distal urethra during voiding
  • contamination reduced by using clean catch midterm urine sample
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14
Q

3 parts of urine culture

A

1) colony count using calibrated loops
2) isolation and identification of pathogen
3) antimicrobial susceptibility testing

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15
Q

urine colony count

A
  • way of estimating number of viable bacteria
  • 0.01 or 0.001 mL calibrated loop used to inoculate blood agar plate
  • incubation over night at 37C
  • colonies counted and number multiplies by dilution factor to determine number of colony forming units
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16
Q

urine colony count formula

A 
# of colony forming units = # of colonies x dilution factor
- dilution factor = 100 for 0.01 ml loop or 1000 for 0.001 ml loop
17
Q

CSF specimen

A
  • collected by lumbar puncture (spinal tap) into a sterile tube
  • in lumbar to avoid nerve damage
  • surgically aseptic technique performed by physician
  • considered stat specimen in lab
18
Q

meningitis

A
  • inflammation/infection of membranes that surround brain and spinal cord
  • pia and dura mater
19
Q

encephalitis

A
  • inflammation/infection of brain
20
Q

meningoencephalitis

A
  • inflammation/infection of both brain and meninges
21
Q

sputum

A
  • pus that accumulates deep within lungs of pts with pneumonia, TB, or lower respiratory tract infections
22
Q

sputum specimen

A
  • often just saliva samples, which won’t provide clinically relevant info
  • better specimens can be obtained by bronchial or transracial aspiration
  • use extreme care if TB is suspected
23
Q

throat swabs

A
  • routinely used to determine strep throat

- specific cultures necessary when neisseria gonorrhoea or corynebacterium diphtheria are suspected

24
Q

wound specimen

A
  • should be an aspirate rather than a swab when possible to avoid contamination with indigenous microbiota
25
Q

gonococci (GC) cultures

A
  • for neisseria gonorrhoea
  • N. gonorrhoea is a fastidious, microaerophilic and capnophilic bacteria
  • only dragon, calcium alginate, or nontoxic cotton swabs used for GC specimens
  • vaginal, cervical, urethral, throat, and rectal specimens are cultured on Thayer-marin agar and incubated in CO2 incubator
  • specical transport media available and GC swabs should never be refrigerated
26
Q

fecal specimens

A
  • collected at lab and processed immediately to avoid a temperature drop causing pH drop which ills shigella and salmonella spp
  • bacteria in faces are obligate, aerotolerant, and facultative anaerobes
  • combination of microscopic exams, culture, biochemical and immunological tests may be performed to identify gram -/+ bacteria, fungi, intestinal protozoa and helminths from fecal specimens
27
Q

pathology department

A
  • clinical specimens are submitted to CML which s part of pathology department
  • under direction of a pathologist
28
Q

2 divisions of pathology department

A
  • anatomical pathology

- clinical pathology

29
Q

anatomical pathology

A
  • disease organs, stained tissue sections, and cytology specimens
  • morgue, histopathology, cytology, cryogenics, election microscopy lab
30
Q

clinical pathology

A
  • several labs in addition to CML

- clinical chemistry, hematology, immunology, blood bank

31
Q

clinical microbiology lab

A
  • mycology
  • bacteriology
  • parasitology
  • mycobacteriology
  • virology
  • immunology
32
Q

CML responsibilities

A
  • assist clinicians in diagnosis and treatment of infectious diseases
33
Q

4 day to day responsibilities in CML

A

1) process clinical specimens
2) isolate pathogens from specimens
3) identify pathogens
4) perform antimicrobial susceptibility testing when appropriate

34
Q

bacteriology section

A
  • isolate and identify bacterial species
  • gather clues about a pathogen until able to identify it
  • phenotypic characteristics like gram reaction, shape, motility, presence and location of spores, and various enzymes are used for identification
35
Q

specimen processing steps

A
  • macroscopic exam, gram stain observation, inoculation of media
  • obtain pure culture
  • perform tests to identify pathogen
  • antimicrobial susceptibility testing
  • report findings to clinician
36
Q

mycology section

A
  • assist in diagnosis fungal infections

- same processing as bacteriology but include hair and nail clipping and skin scrapings

37
Q

parasitology section

A
  • assist in diagnosing parasitic diseases

- identified by observing life cycle in specimens and by physical appearance

38
Q

virology section

A
  • assist in diagnosing viral diseases
  • immunodiagnotics, cytologic/histologic exam, electron microscopy, molecular techniques, virus isolation, and cytopathic effect
39
Q

mycobacteriology section

A
  • TB lab
  • assist in diagnosis of TB
  • sputum is most common specimen types submitted
  • identified using acid-fast staining procedure and combination of growth characteristics and biochemical tests

Microbiology (18 decks)

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