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Chapter 18 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

how do viruses cause diseases

A
  • multiply within host cells
  • they escape from host cells by lysis or budding which destroys host cells
  • cell destruction leads to symptoms
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2
Q

cold sores

A
  • usually caused by HSV1 but can be caused by HSV2
  • viruses target mucous membranes
  • fever blisters, herpes labialis
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3
Q

anogenital herpes

A
  • genital herpes

- usually caused by HSV2 but can be caused by HSV1

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4
Q

herpes simplex 1

A

cold sores

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5
Q

herpes simplex 2

A

genital herpes

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6
Q

varicella zoster (human herpes virus 3)

A

chickenpox and shingles

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7
Q

chickenpox

A
  • acute, generalized viral infection with fever and skin rash
  • mild and self limiting
  • can severely damage fetus
  • leading cause of vaccine-preventable death in US
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8
Q

chickenpox fetal complications

A
  • pneumonia, secondary bacterial infections, hemorrhagic complications, and ecephalitis
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9
Q

reye syndrome

A
  • severe encephalomyelitis with liver damage

- may follow chickenpox if aspirin is given to children younger than 16

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10
Q

shingles

A
  • herpes zoster
  • inflammation of sensory ganglia of cutaneous sensory nerves, producing fluid filled blisters, pain, and paresthesia
  • most common after 50
  • reactivation of varicella virus, often result of immunosuppression
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11
Q

measles

A
  • acute, highly communicable viral disease with fever, conjunctivitis, cough, photosensitivity, kopek spots in mouth, red blotchy skin rash
  • rash begins on days 3-7 on face then becomes generalized
  • complications include bronchitis, pneumonia, otitis media, and encephalitis
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12
Q

German measles (rubella)

A
  • mild, febrile viral disease
  • a fine pink flat rash begins 1-2 days after onset of symptoms
  • rash starts on face and neck and spreads to trunk, arms, and legs
  • milder than hard measles with less complications
  • first trimester complication
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13
Q

first trimester rubella complication

A
  • if acquired in first trimester it cause cause congenital rubella syndrome in fetus
  • can lead to intrauterine death, spontaneous abortion, or congenital malformations of major organ systems
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14
Q

warts

A
  • papilloma virus
  • 70 different types of HPV
  • DNA virus
  • transmission by direct contact
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15
Q

genial warts

A
  • genital papillomatosis, condyloma acuminatum
  • HPV, DNA
  • transmission occurs via direct contact, usually sexual
  • can become malignant
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16
Q

monkey pox

A
  • transmission from animals

- rare viral disease causing fever, headache, muscle aches, backache, lymphadenitis, malaise, and rash

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17
Q

various minor/major

A
  • causes smallpox
  • double stranded DNA enveloped
  • humans only known source, droplet spread or skin inoculation
  • systemic viral infection with fever, malaise, headache, prostration, severe backache, skin rash and occasional abdominal pain and vomiting
  • potential for biological warfare and bioterrorism
  • variola minor fatality rate of <1%
  • variola major fatality rate of 20-40%
  • contagious before eruption of rash
  • eradicated in 1980
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18
Q

keratoconjuntivitis

A
  • caused by types of adenovirus and herpes simplex and varicella zoster
  • acute viral disease of one or both eyes
  • inflammation of conjunctiva, deem of eyelids and periorbital tissue, pain, photophobia and blurred vision
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19
Q

hemorrhagic conjunctivitis

A
  • caused by adenovirus and enterovirus
  • viral disease with sudden onset with redness, swelling, and pain in one or both eyes
  • small discrete subconjunctival hemorrhages may enlarge to form confluent subconjunctival hemorrhages
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20
Q

colds

A
  • 200 different viruses
  • one cold doesn’t protect from another
  • sore throat, runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, headache
  • sometimes muscle aches and fatigue
  • no vaccine
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21
Q

influenza

A
  • several viruses
  • protection gained from individual strains
  • high fever, chills, cough, headache, muscle aches, extreme fatigue
  • sometimes sore throat, runny nose, vomiting, and diarrhea
  • vaccines offer some protection
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22
Q

the common cold

A
  • acute viral rhinitis, acute coryza
  • many different viruses
  • rhinoviruses are major cause in adults, more than 100 serotypes
  • coronavirus, parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, influenza virus, adenovirus, enterovirus
  • transmission via respiratory secretions by hands and fomites or direct contact
  • viral infection of lining of nose, sinuses, throat, and large airway
  • secondary bacterial infections may follow
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23
Q

acute febrile viral respiratory disease

A
  • cause by parainfluenza virus, respiratory syncytial virus, adenovirus, rhinovirus, certain coronaviruses, coxsackie viruses, and echoviruses
  • transmission via direct oral contact or droplets
  • fever and one of following: chills, headache, general aching, malaise, anorexia, GI disturbances
  • may include rhinitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, laryngitis, bronchitis, pneumonia, conjunctivitis, otitis media, sinusitis
  • RSV is major viral respiratory tract pathogen of early infancy and it may cause pneumonia, croup, bronchitis, otitis media, and death
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24
Q

influenze viruses, flu

A
  • types A, B, and C
  • singel stranded RNA
  • acute viral respiratory infection
  • transmission via infected humans, pigs, birds; airborne spread or direct contact
  • fever, chills, headache, aches, pains, sore throat, cough, nasal drainage
  • sometimes bronchitis, pneumonia, and death
  • nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea in children
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25
Q

influenza A

A
  • cause severe symptoms and associated with pandemic and sever disease and more localized outbreaks
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26
Q

influenza C

A

usually does not cause epidemics or significant disease

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27
Q

hantavirus pulmonary syndrome

A
  • cause by 5 different hantaviruses
  • transmission by inhalation of aerosolized rodeo faces, urine, and saliva
  • no person to person
  • fever, malaise, GI complaints, cough, difficulty breathing, hypotension
  • hemorrhagic fever and renal syndrome
  • 40% won’t recover
  • 1-12% with hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome won’t recover
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28
Q

HPS different hantaviruses

A 
sin nombre
bayou
black creek canal
New York 1
- monogahela
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29
Q

avian flu

A
  • avian influenza type A (H5, H7, H9)
  • bird to human transmission via contact with infected poultry or contaminated surfaced
  • future concern with person to person transmission
  • respiratory infection with influenza like symptoms to eye infections, pneumonia, acute and sever respiratory distress, and other life threatening complications
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30
Q

severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)

A
  • SARS associated coronavirus, ssRNA, enveloped
  • high fever, chills, headache, discomfort, body aches, dry cough, pneumonia, sometimes diarrhea
  • transmission via respiratory droplets, or by toughing mouth nose or eye after contaminated surface
  • 2003 outbreak infected 8098 ppl and killed 774
  • no cases since 2004
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31
Q

H1N1

A
  • swine flu
  • novel influenza A virus
  • pandemia in 2009, most common cause of influenza that ear, 1400 deaths worldwide
  • transmission by droplet and direct contact
  • fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills, fever
  • vaccine available
  • pigs can be infected with human, bird and pig viruses can undergo genetic recombination
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32
Q

viral gastroenteritis

A
  • viruses infecting children and adults are norovirus like viruses and rotavirus
  • transmission by fecal oral route possibly from contaminated water or shellfish
  • nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, myalgia, headache, malaise, fever
  • self limiting 24-48 hrs
33
Q

most common viruses of gastroenteritis infecting chidden in 1st year of life

A
  • adenoviruses, astroviruses, caliciviruses, and rotaviruses

- can be fatal in young children

34
Q

family calciviridae (gastroenteritis)

A
  • Norwalk virus (norovirus)
  • transmission through oral fecal route
  • self limiting gastroenteritis with typical s&s
  • young, elderly, and blood type O most susceptible
  • treatment is supportive, rehydration
  • post infection immunity is weak and temporary
35
Q

family piconaviridae (gastroenteritis)

A
  • enterovirus
  • > 100 viruses from mild cold like symptoms to near problems
  • transmission via respiratory droplet, direct contact, decal oral route
  • no specific treatment, vaccines, or antivirals
36
Q

enterovirus D68

A
  • seasonal respiratory illness

- infants and children most susceptible

37
Q

coxsackievirus B

A
  • causes dukes disease via oral fecal route
  • exanthema (skin rash presenting with fever), nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
  • infections are seasonal
  • children under 5 most susceptible
  • highly contagious
  • mostly asymptomatic but may cause mild respirator y illness, hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, hepangina
38
Q

rotavirus

A
  • vaccine development underway
  • human milk that contains antibody is effective when given orally to treat immunodeficient pts with chronic infection
  • virus specific drugs not available
39
Q

diarrhea

A
  • when it is resulting from an infectious disease the pathogen may be a virus, bacterium, protozoa, or helminth
  • dehydration and malnourishment are concerns
40
Q

dysentery

A
  • may be caused by various pathogens

- shingella spp

41
Q

hepatitis

A
  • viral hepatitis may be caused by HAV, HBV, HCV, HDV, HEV, HGV, and hepatitis GB virus C
  • can result from mono, yellow fever, and cytomegalovirus
  • liver necrosis, hepatomegaly, jaundice, and bilirubinemia
42
Q

hepatitis vaccine

A
  • available for HAV and HBV
43
Q

hepatitis A vaccine

A
  • inactivated virus grown in cell culture

- recommended for people at increased risk

44
Q

hepatitis B vaccine

A
  • subunit vaccine produced by genetically engineered sacchromyces cerevisiae (bakers yeast)
  • routinely administered to children and US
  • required for HCP exposed to blood
  • HBV immunoglobulin can be given to unvaccinated pt who have just been exposed to HBV
45
Q

hepatitis A

A
  • sing stranded RNA
  • fecal oral transmission, person to person, infected food handler, focally contaminated food and wate
  • abrupt onset
  • mild lasting 1-2 wks to severe debilitating last several months
  • no chronic infection
  • most recover without treatment
46
Q

hepatitis B

A
  • double stranded enveloped DNA virus in hepadnaviridae family
  • only DNA virus that causes hep
  • sexual or household contact, mother to infant before or after birth, needles, tattooing
  • gradual onset, jaundice is typical, may lead to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma
  • unapparent to fulminating fatal cases
  • chronic infection occurs
47
Q

hepatitis C

A
  • singel stranded enveloped RNA virus in flaviviridae family
  • parenterally transmitted, rarely sexual
  • gradual onset
  • 50-80% develop chronic infection
  • may lead to cirrhosis or hepatocellular carcinoma
  • # 1 reason for liver transplant
  • no vaccine
48
Q

hepatitis D

A
  • single stranded enveloped RNA viral satellite in delta virus genus
  • exposure to infected blood/fluids, contaminated needles, sexual,
  • confection with HBV is necessary
  • abrupt onset, may progress to chronic and severe disease
  • HBV vaccine
49
Q

hepatitis E

A
  • single stranded noneveloped RNA virus in calciviridae family
  • fecal oral transmission, mainly focally contaminated water, person to person
  • similar to A, no chronic form
  • children usually asymptomatic
  • usually benign and self limiting
  • high mortality in pregnant woman, more severe symptoms with age
50
Q

hepatitis G

A
  • single stranded RNA virus in flaviviridae family
  • parenteral transmission
  • chronicity
  • little evidence of liver disease, no symptoms resembling hep viruses
  • HGV may slow down progression of HIV to AIDS
51
Q

human immunodeficiency virus infection/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome

A
  • HIV/AIDS
  • HIV 1 is more common than HIV 2
  • single stranded virus in retrovirus family
  • transmission: direct sexual contact, needles/syringes, transfusion of contaminated blood, mother to child through placenta, infected organ transplant, needle/scalpel/broken glass
  • # 6 cause of death worldwide
52
Q

common HIV modes of transmission

A
  • direct sexual contact
  • transfusion of contaminated blood products
  • contaminated needles and syringes by IV drug abuse
  • placenta, breastfeeding, during delivery
  • not through insect bites
53
Q

laboratory diagnostics of HIV

A
  • immunodiagnostic procedures of antigen and antibody detection
  • most antibodies detectable within 1-3 month but can be 6+ months
  • enzyme linked immunoabsorbant assay (ELISA) test first, then western blot analysis or indirect fluorescent antibody test to confirm
  • quantitative assessment of viral RNA load used to monitor effectiveness of antiviral therapy
54
Q

signs and symptoms of HIV

A
  • occur within several weeks to months
  • initially acute self-limiting mononucleosis like lasting 1-2 wks
  • fever, rash, headache, lymphadenopathy, pharyngitis, myalgia, arthralgia, aseptic meningitis, retro-orbital pain, weight loss, depression, GI distress, night sweats, oral/genital ulcers
  • often undiagnosed or misdiagnosed due to long time of developing antibodies
  • without HIV treatment 90% develop AIDS
55
Q

AIDS

A
  • life threatening syndrome
  • invasion and destruction of helper T cells leading to immunosuppression
  • secondary infections caused by viruses, protozoa, bacteria, and fungi become systemic and cause death
  • die as a result of overwhelming infections from pathogens and opportunistic pathogens
56
Q

Kaposi sarcoma and AIDS

A
  • Kaposi sarcoma is a cancer
  • frequent complication of AIDS
  • caused by human herpes virus 8
57
Q

AIDS treatment

A
  • combination of drugs are extending lives

- without anti HIV treatment almost 100% of AIDS its die

58
Q

mumps

A
  • caused by mumps virus and RNA virus
  • transmission via droplet spread and saliva contact
  • acute viral infection characterized by fever and swelling and tenderness of salivary glands
  • complications are orchitis, oophoritis, meningitis, encephalitis, deafness, pancreatitis, arthritis, nephritis, thyroiditis, and pericarditis
59
Q

mumps virus (MuV)

A
  • targets ported glands
  • mild and self limiting complete and uncomplicated recovery
  • incidence declining
60
Q

measles virus

A
  • morbillivirus
  • causes measles but not German measles
  • highly contagious but self limiting
  • transmission via respiratory droplets
  • contagious during incubation period
  • Koplicks spots on tongue and oral epithelium followed by raised res rash that fades to brown, sore throat, cosh, headache, fever
  • rash = end of contagiousness
  • complications are laryngitis and pneumonia
  • treatment is antipyretics, cough suppressants, hydration, and antibiotics as prophylactic
  • MMR requires booster
61
Q

infectious mononucleosis

A
  • caused by Epstein Barr
  • acute viral disease that may be asymptomatic
  • fever, sore throat, lymphadenopathy, splenomegaly, and fatigue
  • self limiting 1- several weeks
  • rarely fatal
62
Q

epstein barr virus

A
  • causes mononucleosis
  • DNA virus in herpesviridae family
  • transmission via saliva contact
  • oncogenic or associated with lymphomas, carcinomas, and sarcomas
63
Q

viral hemorrhagic diseases

A
  • caused by dengue virus, yellow fever virus, crimean Congo hemorrhagic fever virus, Lassa virus, Ebola virus, and Marburg virus
  • ebola and Marburg are very large filamentous viruses
  • reservoirs include infected humans and infected African green monkeys (Marburg)
  • transmission via direct contact with blood, secretions, internal organ, or semen
64
Q

viral hemorrhagic disease symptoms

A
  • sudden onset of fever, malaise, myalgia, headache, pharyngitis, vomiting, diarrhea, rash, internal hemorrhage
  • marbug 25% fatal ebola 50-90% fatal
  • all cases tracked back to africa
65
Q

ebola and Marburg viruses

A
  • pleomorphic viruses
  • sever hemorrhagic fever, myalgia, rash, vomiting and bloody diarrhea
  • no cure or treatment, high mortality, few survive past 3 wks
  • monkeys are suspected resevoirs
66
Q

poliomyelitis

A
  • caused by poiliovirus
  • minor illness with fever, headache, nausea, and vomiting
  • 1% progresses to severe muscle pain, stiffness of neck/back with or without flaccid paralysis
  • most common in older children and adults
  • vaccine in 1950s
67
Q

polio virus

A
  • in enterovirus group with picornaviridae
  • only affects humans
  • transmission fecal oral route and throat secretions
  • causes poliomyelitis
  • most asymptomatic
  • paralysis is permanent if neutrons are destroyed
  • no cure but recovery confers immunity
  • treatment is management of symptoms
68
Q

abortive infection pattern of polio

A
  • excludes CNS

- presents with mild respiratory infection and minot symptoms

69
Q

vital meningitis pattern of poilio

A
  • non paralytic poliomyelisits

- damage and destruction of neutrons, headaches, stiffness of neck, and fever

70
Q

rabies

A
  • caused by rabies virus an enveloped RNA virus
  • reservoirs are dogs, foxes, coyotes, wolves, jackals, skunks, racoons, mongooses, bats
  • transmission through bite of rabid animal, airborne through bats in caves
  • usually a fatal, acute viral encephalomyelitis of mammals with mental depression, restlessness, headache, fever, malaise, paralysis, salivation, spasms of throat muscles, convulsions, and death from respiratory failure
  • paralysis starts in lowers legs and moves up
  • endemic everywhere except Hawaii and Antartica
  • person to person transmission is rare
71
Q

lyssavirus

A
  • causative agent of rabies
  • transmission by lick, bite, or scratch or inhalation of droplets
  • vaccine available
  • virus travels along nerves to CNS
  • cycle complete when virus occupies salivary glands
  • incubation period varies with site and severity of wound
  • prodromal period; prickling at wound site, vague symptoms
  • acute stage; muscle spams seizures, hydrophobia, coma and death
  • recovery rare if untreated
72
Q

viral meningitis

A
  • caused by many different viruses
  • common but rarely serious
  • acute illness rarely exceeds 10 days
  • sudden onset of febrile illness with s&s of meningeal involvement
  • mononuclear WBC, increased protein, normal glucose and absence of bacteria in CSF
  • rash may develop
  • GI and respiratory symptoms may occur when caused by and enterovirus
  • most commonly caused by enteroviruses
  • other causes: coxsackie, arbovirus, measles/mumps virus, herpes, VZV, lymphocytic cchoriomeningitis, adenovirus, leptospirosis
73
Q

viral encephalitis

A
  • arthropod borne viral encephalitis is an acute inflammatory viral disease
  • may be asymptomatic or have mild fever and headache
  • severe infection possible with headache, high fever, stupor, disorientation, coma, tremors, convulsions, spastic paralysis, death
  • person to person transmission is rare (transfusion, organ transplant, breast milk, transplcentally)
74
Q

arboviruses

A
  • west nile, yellow fever, dengue virus
  • vaccine available and recommended for travellers
  • dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndrome
  • mortality 5-40%
75
Q

yellow fever virus (YFV)

A
  • mostly benign or mild

- extreme manifest with oral and nasal bleeding, jaundice, and kidney damage

76
Q

undue virus

A
  • breakbone fever

- sever arthralgia and myalgia

77
Q

dengue hemorrhagic fever and dengue shock syndome

A
  • hypotension, bleeding, thrombocytopenia
78
Q

west nile virus

A
  • can infect humans, birds, mosquitos, horses
  • human infection from mosquitos, also blood transfusion, organ transplant, transplacental and breast milk
  • can cause severe CNS infection (encephalitis, meningitis, meningitoencephalitis)
  • west nile fever: fever, headache, fatigue, aches, rash
  • asymptomatic or mld in most cases (except encephalitis)

Microbiology (18 decks)

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