Chapter 1

Question 1

biology

Answer 1

the study of living organisms

Question 2

microbiology

Answer 2

the study of microbes

Question 3

microbes

Answer 3

microscopic living and nonliving organisms

single celled

Question 4

cellular microbes

Answer 4

living microbes
include: bacteria, archaea, algae, protozoa, and fungi
divided into prokaryotes and eukaryotes

Question 5

acellular microbes

Answer 5

nonliving microbes

include: viroids, prions, and viruses

Question 6

pathogens

Answer 6

the scientific term for disease-causing microbe

Question 7

non pathogens

Answer 7

microbes that do not cause diseases

vast majority of microbes

Question 8

indigenous microbiota

Answer 8

microbes that live on/in our bodies

some are opportunistic pathogens

Question 9

opportunistic pathogens

Answer 9

microbes that can cause disease but do not unless opportunity (weakened immune system) arises

Question 10

two categories of pathogen disease

Answer 10

infectious disease

microbial intoxications

Question 11

infectious diseases

Answer 11

• pathogen colonizes body
• pathogen causes disease
• MRSA, gas gangrene

Question 12

microbial intoxication

Answer 12

• pathogen produces toxin in vitro
• person ingests toxin
• toxin causes disease
• food borne botulism, staph food poisoning

Question 13

what microbes produce oxygen?

Answer 13

photosynthetic algae and bacteria (cyanobacteria)

Question 14

saprophytes

Answer 14

organisms that live on dead/decaying matter and decomposes it

Question 15

bioremediation

Answer 15

the use of microbes to clean up toxic waste and other industrial waste products

Question 16

food for tiny animals?

Answer 16

algae and bacteria

important for food chain

Question 17

elemental cycles microbes play a role in

Answer 17

carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, sulfur, and phosphorus

Question 18

microbes and GI

Answer 18

microbes that live in intestinal tracts aid in digestion of food and produce beneficial substances
animals and humans

Question 19

industries that use microbes

Answer 19

food, beverage, chemical, antibiotics, genetic engineering

Question 20

genetic engineering and microbes

Answer 20

• a gene from one organism is inserted into a bacterial/yeast cell
• cell receives new gene
• cell is capable of producing the gene products coded for by the new genes
• insulin

Question 21

biotechnology

Answer 21

the use of living organisms or their derivatives to make/modify products or processes

Question 22

first microorganisms on earth

Answer 22

archaea and cyanobacteria

Question 23

date of fossils of primitive bacteria

Answer 23

about 3.5 billion years

Question 24

earliest account of fatal disease time frame

Answer 24

in Egypt in 3180 BC

Question 25

Anton van Leeuwenhoek

Answer 25

1632-1723 - father of microbiology - not a scientist - made single-lens microscopes - observed "animalcules" which are bacteria and protozoa

Question 26

Louis Pasteur

Answer 26

1822-1895 - French chemist - investigated fermentation products - developed pasteurization process - discovered anaerobic life forms - developers rabies and anthrax vaccines

Question 27

Robert Koch

Answer 27

1843-1910 - German physician - significant contributions to germ theory - discovered that bacillus anthraces produced spores - developed methods of fixing and staining bacteria - developed methods to cultivate bacteria

Question 28

Koch's Postulates steps

Answer 28

- microbe must be in all cases of disease and not present in healthy individuals - microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture in lab - same disease must be produces when pure culture is inserted into healthy lab animal - same microbe must be recovered from infected lab animal and grown again

Question 29

Koch's Postulates

Answer 29

- if an organisms fulfills it, it has been proven to cause that disease - helped prove germ theory - circumstances exist where it can't be fulfilled

Question 30

Koch's postulates exceptions

Answer 30

- some pathogens won't grow on artificial media - some pathogens are species specific and will only infect humans - some diseases require multiple microbes - some pathogens are altered when grown in vitro

Question 31

people who study algae

Answer 31

- phycologist or algologists

Question 32

people who study protozoa

Answer 32

- protozoologists

Question 33

people who study fungi

Answer 33

mycologists

Question 34

people who study viruses

Answer 34

- virologists