Chapter 11 Flashcards
1
Q
epidemiology
A
the study of disease
2
Q
epidemiologists
A
- study the factors that determine frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases in human population
- develop ways to prevent, control, or eradicate diseases
3
Q
communicable disease
A
an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another
4
Q
contagious disease
A
a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from person to person
5
Q
zoonotic disease
A
diseases that humans acquire form animal source
6
Q
incidence of a disease
A
number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period
7
Q
morbidity rate
A
- number of new cases of a particular disease that occurred during a specific time period per a specific population
- usually per 1000, 10000, or 100000 population
8
Q
prevalence types
A
- period prevalence
- point prevalence
9
Q
period prevalence
A
number of cases of a disease existing in a given population during a specific period of time
10
Q
point prevalence
A
number of cases of a disease existing in a given population at a particular moment
11
Q
mortality rate
A
the ratio of the number of people who dies of a particular disease during a specified period per a specific population
12
Q
sporadic disease
A
- once that occurs only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area
- ex: tetanus
13
Q
endemic disease
A
- one that is always present within the population of a particular geographic area
- ex: staphylococcal and streptococcal
14
Q
epidemic disease
A
- a greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region, usually within a short period of time
15
Q
pandemic
A
- a disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously
- ex: Spanish flu of 1918 killings > 20 mil, H1N1 swine flu of 2009 and 2010, HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, ebola
16
Q
factors determining whether an infectious disease occurs
A
- factors pertaining to pathogen
- factors pertaining to host
- factors pertaining to environment
17
Q
factors pertaining to pathogen
A
- virulence of pathogen
- mode of entry
- number of organisms
18
Q
factors pertaining to host
A
- health state
- nutritional status
- hygiene
- age
- travel
- lifestyle
19
Q
factors pertaining to environement
A
- climate
- season
- geographical location
- availability of resevoirs
- sanitary and housing conditions
- availability of clean drinking water
20
Q
6 components in chain of infection
A
- a pathogen
- a source of the pathogen (a reservoir)
- a portal of exit
- a mode of transmission
- a portal of entry
- a susceptible host
21
Q
reservoirs of infection
A
- the sources of microbes that cause infectious diseases are many and varied
- living reservoirs: humans, animals, insects, and arachnids
- nonliving resevoirs
22
Q
human carriers
A
- passive carriers: can pass on disease but don’t have disease
- incubatory carriers: person in incubation stage, not symptomatic yet
- convalescent carriers: recovering from pathogen
- active carriers: have fully recovered from disease but always have pathogen in system
23
Q
animal reservoirs
A
- infectious disease that human acquire from animals are called zootonic disease or zoonoses
- may be acquired by direct contact with an animal, inhalation/ingestion of a pathogen, or injection of the pathogen by arthropod (rabies, Lyme disease)
24
Q
arthropods
A
- many different types sever as reservoirs including insects (fleas, mosquitos, lice) and arachnids (mites and ticks)
- when they are involved in the transmission of diseases they are referred to as vectors
- ex: Lyme disease and malaria
25
nonliving reservoirs
- air, soil, dust, contaminated water and food, and fomites
26
fomites
- inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens
| - bedding, towels, eating and drinking utensils, hospital equipment, telephone, keyboard
27
most common modes of transmission of infectious diseases (7)
- direct skin to skin contact
- direct mucous membrane to mucous membrane contact (kissing, sex)
- indirect contact via airborne droplets of respiratory secretions (sneezing, coughing)
- indirect contact via food and water contaminated by fecal matter
- indirect contact via anthropod vectors
- indirect contact via fomites
- indirect contact via transfusion of contaminated blood/blood products (parenteral injections w/ non sterile needles)
28
world health organization (WHO)
- specialized agency of United Nations founded in 1948
- to promote technical cooperation for health among nations; to carry out programs to control and eradicate diseases; to improve QOL for humans
- investigates disease outbreaks (ebola, Zika, covid)
- eradicated smallpox
- attempting to eradicate polio and dracunculiasis (worm)
29
renters for disease control and prevention (CDC)
- federal agency administered by UD department of health and human services in Atlanta Georgia in 1946
- to collaborate to create the expertise, info, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health
- certain infectious disease (nationally notifiable diseases) must be reported to CDC
- publishes morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR)
30
measures for prevention and control of epidemics
- increase host resistance through vaccines
- ensure persons exposure to a pathogen are protected with PPE
- segregate, isolate, and treat those infected that are contagious
- identify and control potential reservoirs and vectors of infectious diseases
31
biological warfare
- microbes purposely used to harm others in wartime are BW agents
32
bioterrorism
- pathogens used to create fear, chaos, illness, and death in situations other than war
33
examples of biological warfare and bioterrorism agents
- bacillus antracis (cause of anthrax)
- clostridium botulinum (cause of botulism)
- smallpox virus (various major)
- yersinia pestis (cause of plague)
34
water supplies and sewage disposal
- water is most essential resource for human survival
| - 1993 cryptosporidosis epidemic in Milwaukee Wisconsin was largest waterborne epidemic in US
35
2 general types of water pollution
1) chemical pollution
| 2) biological pollution (fecal material and garbage)
36
water treatment
- major steps are sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and chlorination
- water is tested for fecal contamination by checking for coliform bacteria like e coli and other enterobacteriaceae spp.
37
sewage treatment
- raw sewage consists mainly of water fecal material, garbage, and bacteria
- this treatment includes primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatments
