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Microbiology > Chapter 11 > Flashcards

Chapter 11 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

epidemiology

A

the study of disease

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2
Q

epidemiologists

A
  • study the factors that determine frequency, distribution, and determinants of diseases in human population
  • develop ways to prevent, control, or eradicate diseases
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3
Q

communicable disease

A

an infectious disease that can be transmitted from one person to another

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4
Q

contagious disease

A

a communicable disease that is easily transmitted from person to person

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5
Q

zoonotic disease

A

diseases that humans acquire form animal source

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6
Q

incidence of a disease

A

number of new cases of that disease in a defined population during a specific time period

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7
Q

morbidity rate

A
  • number of new cases of a particular disease that occurred during a specific time period per a specific population
  • usually per 1000, 10000, or 100000 population
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8
Q

prevalence types

A
  • period prevalence

- point prevalence

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9
Q

period prevalence

A

number of cases of a disease existing in a given population during a specific period of time

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10
Q

point prevalence

A

number of cases of a disease existing in a given population at a particular moment

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11
Q

mortality rate

A

the ratio of the number of people who dies of a particular disease during a specified period per a specific population

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12
Q

sporadic disease

A
  • once that occurs only occasionally within the population of a particular geographic area
  • ex: tetanus
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13
Q

endemic disease

A
  • one that is always present within the population of a particular geographic area
  • ex: staphylococcal and streptococcal
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14
Q

epidemic disease

A
  • a greater than usual number of cases of a disease in a particular region, usually within a short period of time
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15
Q

pandemic

A
  • a disease that is occurring in epidemic proportions in many countries simultaneously
  • ex: Spanish flu of 1918 killings > 20 mil, H1N1 swine flu of 2009 and 2010, HIV/AIDS, TB, malaria, ebola
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16
Q

factors determining whether an infectious disease occurs

A
  • factors pertaining to pathogen
  • factors pertaining to host
  • factors pertaining to environment
17
Q

factors pertaining to pathogen

A
  • virulence of pathogen
  • mode of entry
  • number of organisms
18
Q

factors pertaining to host

A
  • health state
  • nutritional status
  • hygiene
  • age
  • travel
  • lifestyle
19
Q

factors pertaining to environement

A
  • climate
  • season
  • geographical location
  • availability of resevoirs
  • sanitary and housing conditions
  • availability of clean drinking water
20
Q

6 components in chain of infection

A
  • a pathogen
  • a source of the pathogen (a reservoir)
  • a portal of exit
  • a mode of transmission
  • a portal of entry
  • a susceptible host
21
Q

reservoirs of infection

A
  • the sources of microbes that cause infectious diseases are many and varied
  • living reservoirs: humans, animals, insects, and arachnids
  • nonliving resevoirs
22
Q

human carriers

A
  • passive carriers: can pass on disease but don’t have disease
  • incubatory carriers: person in incubation stage, not symptomatic yet
  • convalescent carriers: recovering from pathogen
  • active carriers: have fully recovered from disease but always have pathogen in system
23
Q

animal reservoirs

A
  • infectious disease that human acquire from animals are called zootonic disease or zoonoses
  • may be acquired by direct contact with an animal, inhalation/ingestion of a pathogen, or injection of the pathogen by arthropod (rabies, Lyme disease)
24
Q

arthropods

A
  • many different types sever as reservoirs including insects (fleas, mosquitos, lice) and arachnids (mites and ticks)
  • when they are involved in the transmission of diseases they are referred to as vectors
  • ex: Lyme disease and malaria
25
Q

nonliving reservoirs

A
  • air, soil, dust, contaminated water and food, and fomites
26
Q

fomites

A
  • inanimate objects capable of transmitting pathogens

- bedding, towels, eating and drinking utensils, hospital equipment, telephone, keyboard

27
Q

most common modes of transmission of infectious diseases (7)

A
  • direct skin to skin contact
  • direct mucous membrane to mucous membrane contact (kissing, sex)
  • indirect contact via airborne droplets of respiratory secretions (sneezing, coughing)
  • indirect contact via food and water contaminated by fecal matter
  • indirect contact via anthropod vectors
  • indirect contact via fomites
  • indirect contact via transfusion of contaminated blood/blood products (parenteral injections w/ non sterile needles)
28
Q

world health organization (WHO)

A
  • specialized agency of United Nations founded in 1948
  • to promote technical cooperation for health among nations; to carry out programs to control and eradicate diseases; to improve QOL for humans
  • investigates disease outbreaks (ebola, Zika, covid)
  • eradicated smallpox
  • attempting to eradicate polio and dracunculiasis (worm)
29
Q

renters for disease control and prevention (CDC)

A
  • federal agency administered by UD department of health and human services in Atlanta Georgia in 1946
  • to collaborate to create the expertise, info, and tools that people and communities need to protect their health
  • certain infectious disease (nationally notifiable diseases) must be reported to CDC
  • publishes morbidity and mortality weekly report (MMWR)
30
Q

measures for prevention and control of epidemics

A
  • increase host resistance through vaccines
  • ensure persons exposure to a pathogen are protected with PPE
  • segregate, isolate, and treat those infected that are contagious
  • identify and control potential reservoirs and vectors of infectious diseases
31
Q

biological warfare

A
  • microbes purposely used to harm others in wartime are BW agents
32
Q

bioterrorism

A
  • pathogens used to create fear, chaos, illness, and death in situations other than war
33
Q

examples of biological warfare and bioterrorism agents

A
  • bacillus antracis (cause of anthrax)
  • clostridium botulinum (cause of botulism)
  • smallpox virus (various major)
  • yersinia pestis (cause of plague)
34
Q

water supplies and sewage disposal

A
  • water is most essential resource for human survival

- 1993 cryptosporidosis epidemic in Milwaukee Wisconsin was largest waterborne epidemic in US

35
Q

2 general types of water pollution

A

1) chemical pollution

2) biological pollution (fecal material and garbage)

36
Q

water treatment

A
  • major steps are sedimentation, coagulation, filtration, and chlorination
  • water is tested for fecal contamination by checking for coliform bacteria like e coli and other enterobacteriaceae spp.
37
Q

sewage treatment

A
  • raw sewage consists mainly of water fecal material, garbage, and bacteria
  • this treatment includes primary, secondary, and tertiary sewage treatments

Microbiology (18 decks)

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