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Microbiology > Chapter 14 > Flashcards

Chapter 14 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

pathogenicity

A

ability to cause disease

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2
Q

pathogenesis

A

steps or mechanisms involved in the development of a disease

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3
Q

infectious disease

A
  • a disease caused by a microbe (a pathogen)

- infection is a common synonym

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4
Q

infection

A
  • colonization by a pathogen

- the pathogen may or may not cause disease

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5
Q

why infections don’t always occur (8)

A
  • microbe in a site where it can’t multiply
  • pathogen is unable to attach to receptor sites
  • antibacterial factors may be present at site
  • indigenous microbiota may inhibit growth
  • indigenous microbiota may produce antimicrobial factors to destroy pathogen
  • nutrition and health status may result in poor pathogen outcome
  • person may be immune to pathogen
  • phagocytes may be present in blood
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6
Q

phases in course of disease

A
  • exposure to pathogen
    1) incubation period
    2) prodromal period (feel bad but not sick yet)
    3) period of illness
    4) convalescent period (or disability or death)
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7
Q

localized infection

A
  • disease may remain localized or spread

- pimples, boils, abscesses

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8
Q

systemic (generalized) infection

A
  • when the infection spreads throughout the whole body

- TB

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9
Q

acute disease

A
  • rapid onset and rapid recovery

- measles, mumps, influenza

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10
Q

chronic disease

A
  • slow onset and lasts a long time

- TB, leprosy, syphilis

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11
Q

subacute disease

A
  • comes on more suddenly than chronic but less suddenly than acute
  • bacterial endocarditis
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12
Q

symptom

A
  • evidence of disease experienced by the pt

- aches, pain, nausea, dizzy, blurred vision

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13
Q

signs

A
  • objective evidence of a disease

- abnormal heart sounds, high pulse, lab results

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14
Q

symptomatic disease

A

pt experienced symptoms

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15
Q

asymptomatic disease

A

pt does not experience symptoms

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16
Q

latent infection

A
  • go from being symptomatic to asymptomatic to symptomatic
  • not getting reinfected but goes into dormant stage
  • syphilis, herpes, shingles
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17
Q

stages of syphilis

A

1) primary - 3 wks after exposure, painless chancre
2) secondary - 4-6 wks after exposure, rash develops but heals after 12 months
3) latent - no symptoms, may last lifetime
4) tertiary - 5-20 yrs after exposure, CNS and cardio symptoms (sometimes death)

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18
Q

primary infection

A

first disease

19
Q

secondary infection

A

second disease

20
Q

example of primary and secondary infection

A
  • viral respiratory infection damages epithelial cells
  • epithelial cells unable to clear opportunistic bacteria
  • opportunistic bacteria cause secondary infection of bacterial pneumonia
21
Q

steps in pathogenesis of infectious diseases

A

1) entry of pathogen into body
2) attachment of pathogen to tissues
3) multiplication of pathogen
4) invasion or spread of pathogen
5) evasion of host defences
6) damage to host tissues

22
Q

virulence

A

used to express the degree of pathogenicity

23
Q

virulent vs avirulent

A
  • virulent can cause disease

- avirulent can’t cause disease

24
Q

virulence examples

A
  • toxigenic C diphtheria can cause diphtheria (virulent), nontoxigenic cannot (avirulent)
  • 10 shigella cells to cause shingellosis but 100-1000 salmonella cells to cause salmonellosis, shigella more virulent than salmonella
  • some Streptococcus progenies more virulent than others
  • some staphylococcus aureus more virulent than othres
25
Q

virulence factors

A
  • attributes than enable pathogens to attach, escape destruction, or cause disease
  • they are phenotypic characteristics
  • adhesins (ligands) and pili
26
Q

adhesins (ligands) virulence factor

A
  • molecules on surface of bacteria that enable pathogens to be recognize and bind to host cell receptors
27
Q

pili viruence factor

A
  • enable bacteria to attach to surfaces like tissues
28
Q

obligate intracellular pathogens

A
  • pathogens that must live within host cells in order to survive and multiply
  • rickettsia and chlamydia
29
Q

intraleukocytic pathogens

A
  • live within WBCs cause diseases like ehrlichiosis and anaplasmosis
30
Q

intraerythrocytic pathogens

A
  • live within RBCs

- plasmodium app that cause malaria and babes spp that cause babesions

31
Q

facultative intracellular pathogens

A

capable of intracellular and extracellular existence

32
Q

intracellular survival mechanisms

A
  • cell wall composition that resist digestions (M. TB)
  • prevention of fusion of lysosomes with phagosomes
  • production of phospholipase that destroy phagosome membrane
  • other unknown mechanisms
33
Q

capsules

A
  • virulence factor

- streptococcus pneumonias, klebsiella pneumonias, haemophilus influenza, neisseria meningitidis

34
Q

flagella

A
  • virulence factor
  • enable bacteria to invade aqueous areas of body
  • may also help to escape phagocytes
35
Q

major mechanisms by which pathogens cause disease

A

exoenzymes or toxins they produce

36
Q

exoenzymes (7)

A
  • necrotizing enzymes that cause necrosis
  • coagulase that cause clotting
  • kinases that break up clots
  • hyaluronidase that breaks down hypotonic acid for movement
  • collagenase that breaks down collagen
  • hemolysins that break down host RBC, alpha has green halo beta has white halo
  • lecithinase that breaks down phospholipid cell membrane causing tissue damage
37
Q

toxins

A
  • poisonous substances released by pathogens

- endotoxins and exotoxins

38
Q

endotoxins

A
  • part of cell wall of gram - bacteria

- can cause adverse physiologic effects like fever and shock

39
Q

exotoxins

A
  • poisonous proteins secreted by pathogens
  • neurotoxins, enterotoxins (GI), exfoliative toxin (scalid skin syndrome), erythrogenic toxin (scarlet fever) and leukocidins (destroy WBC)
40
Q

antigenic variation

A
  • changing surface antigens
41
Q

camouflage and molecular mimicry

A
  • conceal their foreign nature by coating themselves with host proteins
42
Q

destruction of antibodies

A
  • produce IgA protease that destroys some of hosts antibodies
43
Q

mechanisms by which pathogens escape immune response

A
  • antigenic variation
  • camouflage and mimicry
  • destruction of antibodies

Microbiology (18 decks)

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