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Microbiology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

algae

A
  • photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms

- produce energy by photosynthesis and some use organic nutrients

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2
Q

cell contents of algae

A
  • cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, plastids, ribosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies
  • most cell walls contain cellulose
  • some have a pellicle, a stigma, or flagella
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3
Q

algae size

A
  • range from unicellular (diatoms) to large, multicellular (seaweed or kelp)
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4
Q

pellicle

A
  • thickened cell membrane for protection
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5
Q

a stigma

A
  • a light sensing organelle
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6
Q

algae arrangement and location

A
  • arranged in colonies or strands

- found in fresh and salt water, wet soil, and wet rocks

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7
Q

algae photosynthetic pigment classifications

A
  • green
  • golden
  • brown
  • red
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8
Q

types of algae

A
  • diatoms
  • dionflagellates
  • dismiss, spirogyra, chlamydomonas, volvox, and euglena
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9
Q

use of algae

A
  • important source of food, iodine, fertilizers, emulsifiers, stabilizers, and gelling agents for jams and culture media
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10
Q

common pond water algae

A
  • euglena sp, volvox sp
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11
Q

common pond water protozoa

A

amoeba sp., stentor sp., vorticella sp., paramecium sp.

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12
Q

medically significance of algae

A
  • prototheca algae is very rare cause of human infections (protothecosis)
  • algae in other genera secrete toxic substances called phycotixins
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13
Q

phycotoxins

A
  • poisonous to humans, fish, and other animals
  • if ingested by humans, the phytotoxins produced by the dinoflagellates that cause red tides can lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning
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14
Q

protozoa

A
  • non photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
  • most are unicellular, free-living, and found in soil and water
  • more animal-like then plant-like
  • possess a variety of eukaryotic structures
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15
Q

protozoa source of nutrients

A
  • can’t make their own food through photosynthesis
  • ingest whole algae, yeasts, bacteria, and smaller protozoa
  • scavengers
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16
Q

protozoa cell wall

A
  • don’t have a cell wall but some have pellicle for protection
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17
Q
  • protozoa life cycle stages
A
  • trophozoite and cyst
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18
Q

trophozoite stage

A

motile, feeding, and dividing stage

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19
Q

cyst stage

A

nonmotile, dormant, survival stage

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20
Q

parasitic protozoa

A
  • some protozoa are parasites

- can cause many human diseases like malaria, giardiasis, and trypanosomiasis

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21
Q

protozoa classification groups based on locomotion

A
  • amebae
  • ciliates
  • flagellates
  • sporozoa
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22
Q

amebae

A
  • move by means of pseudopodia aka false feet

- ex: entamoeba histolytic causes amebic dysentery

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23
Q

ciliates

A
  • move by means of hair like cilia

- ex: balantidum coli causes balantidiasis

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24
Q

flagellates

A
  • move by means of whip like flagella

- ex: guardia lambida causes giardiasis

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25
Q

sporozoa

A
  • have no visible means of locomotion

- ex: plasmodium spp. causes malaria

26
Q

study of fungi fungi

A
  • study of fungi is called mycology

- scientists are called mycologists

27
Q

fungi

A
  • found virtually everywhere
  • can be harmful or beneficial
  • represent diverse group of eukaryotes that include yeasts, moulds, and fleshy fungi
  • “garbage disposers” of nature
  • they are not plants and nonphotosynthetic
28
Q

fungal cell wall

A
  • contain polysaccharide called chitin
  • some have septet hyphae which divides hyphae by cross wall or septa
  • some have aseptate hyphae which do not have septa or separation
  • septa is clue to identification
29
Q

fungi size

A
  • some are unicellular while others grow as filaments called hyphae
  • hyphae intertwine to form a mass called mycelium
30
Q

fungi reproduction

A
  • can reproduce by budding, hyphae extension, or spore formation
31
Q

fungi spores

A
  • sexual and asexual (conidia) spores
  • some have both
  • spores are very resistant and last a long time
32
Q

fungi classification

A
  • based on mode of sexual reproduction and type of sexual spore they produce
33
Q

five phyla or fungi

A
  • zygomycotina
  • chytridiomycotina
  • ascomycotina
  • basidiomycotina
  • deuteromycotina
34
Q

deuteromycotina/deuteromycetes

A
  • include medically important moulds such as aspergillum and penicillium
  • fungi in the phylum have no mode of sexual reproduction or it is unknown, they are asexual
35
Q

yeasts

A
  • eukaryotic unicellular organisms that lack mycelia
  • individual referred to as lastospores or blastoconidia and can only be observed with microscope
  • sting of elongated buds is know a pseudohypha
  • some produce this-walled spore like structures called chlamydospores
36
Q

yeast reproduction

A
  • usually by budding by sometimes by a type or spore formation
37
Q

yeast location

A
  • found in soil and water and on skins of fruits and veggies
38
Q

use of yeast

A
  • used to make beer and wine

- saccharomyces cerevisiae is yeast used in baking

39
Q

candida albicans

A
  • yeast and fungus most frequently isolated form human specimens
40
Q

differentiating yeast colonies from bacterial colonies

A
  • determined by wet mount
  • yeasts are larger than bacteria and usually oval shaped
  • yeasts are often observed in budding process and bacteria do not bud
41
Q

mouls

A
  • seen in water and soil and grow of food

- produce cytoplasmic filaments called hyphae

42
Q

two types of mould hyphae

A
  • aerial which extend above surface of what mould is growing on
  • vegetative which grow beneath the surface
43
Q

mould reproduction

A
  • by spore formation either sexually or asexually on aerial hyphae
44
Q

importance of moulds

A
  • antibiotic production like penicillium and acremonium
  • some used to produce large quantities or enzymes used commercially
  • flavour of blue cheese, roquefort, camembert, and limburger are due to moulds
45
Q

fleshy fungi

A
  • include mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, and bracket fungi
  • consist of network of filaments or strands (the mycelium) that grows in soil or on rotting logs
  • fruiting body that grows above ground releases spores
  • some mushrooms are edible some are toxic
46
Q

fungi medically significants

A
  • medical, veterinary, and agriculturally important because of diseases they can cause in humans, animals, and plants
  • infectious disease of humans and animals caused by fungi/moulds are malled mycoses
47
Q

categorization of fungal infections in humans

A
  • superficial
  • cutaneous
  • subcutaneous
  • systemic
48
Q

superficial mycoses

A
  • fungal infections of outermost area of human body

- hair, nails, epidermis

49
Q

cutaneous mycoses

A
  • fungal infection of living layer of skin (dermis)
  • group of moulds referred to as dermatophytes cause tinea infections (ringworm)
  • Candida albicans can also cause cutaneous, oral, and vaginal infections (thrush)
50
Q

subcutaneous mycoses

A
  • fungal infections of dermis and underlying tissues

- madura foot

51
Q

systemic mycoses

A
  • fungal infections of internal organs of body

- spores of fungi may be inhaled with dust from soil or bird/bat poop and can also enter through cuts on hands and feet

52
Q

systemic deep-seated pulmonary infection from mycoses

A
  • blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis
53
Q

bread moulds

A
  • inhalation of common bread moulds like rhizomes and mucor spp. can cause disease and even death in immunosuppressed pts
54
Q

diagnosis of mycoses

A
  • accomplished by culture techniques and immunodiagnostic procedures
  • yeasts are identifies using biochemical tests
  • moulds are identifies by their growth rate and by macro and micro scopic obervations
55
Q

dimorphic fungi

A
  • a few fungi including pathogens can live as either yeasts or moulds depending on growth conditions
  • this phenomenon is known as dimorphism and the fungi are called dimorphic fungi
56
Q

dimorphism

A
  • when grown in vitro at body temperature 37C dimorphic fungi grow as yeasts and produce yeast colonies
  • when grown in vitro at room temperature 25C dimorphic fungi grow as moulds and produce mould colonies
  • when grown in vivo, dimorphic fungi grow as yeasts
57
Q

lichens

A
  • observed as coloured, often circular patches on tree trunks and rocks
  • composed of an alga and a fungus in a mutualistic relationships
  • classified as protists
58
Q

slime moulds

A
  • found in soil and on rotting logs
  • fungal and protozoal characteristics
  • classified as protists
59
Q

life cycle of slime mould

A

spores, germinating spores, ameba cells eat bacteria, aggregation, migration stage, differentiation, sporangiophore

60
Q

cytosome

A
  • a primitive mouth or opening possessed by some protozoa

Microbiology (18 decks)

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