Chapter 5 Flashcards
1
Q
algae
A
- photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
- produce energy by photosynthesis and some use organic nutrients
2
Q
cell contents of algae
A
- cytoplasm, cell wall, cell membrane, nucleus, plastids, ribosomes, mitochondria, and Golgi bodies
- most cell walls contain cellulose
- some have a pellicle, a stigma, or flagella
3
Q
algae size
A
- range from unicellular (diatoms) to large, multicellular (seaweed or kelp)
4
Q
pellicle
A
- thickened cell membrane for protection
5
Q
a stigma
A
- a light sensing organelle
6
Q
algae arrangement and location
A
- arranged in colonies or strands
- found in fresh and salt water, wet soil, and wet rocks
7
Q
algae photosynthetic pigment classifications
A
- green
- golden
- brown
- red
8
Q
types of algae
A
- diatoms
- dionflagellates
- dismiss, spirogyra, chlamydomonas, volvox, and euglena
9
Q
use of algae
A
- important source of food, iodine, fertilizers, emulsifiers, stabilizers, and gelling agents for jams and culture media
10
Q
common pond water algae
A
- euglena sp, volvox sp
11
Q
common pond water protozoa
A
amoeba sp., stentor sp., vorticella sp., paramecium sp.
12
Q
medically significance of algae
A
- prototheca algae is very rare cause of human infections (protothecosis)
- algae in other genera secrete toxic substances called phycotixins
13
Q
phycotoxins
A
- poisonous to humans, fish, and other animals
- if ingested by humans, the phytotoxins produced by the dinoflagellates that cause red tides can lead to paralytic shellfish poisoning
14
Q
protozoa
A
- non photosynthetic eukaryotic organisms
- most are unicellular, free-living, and found in soil and water
- more animal-like then plant-like
- possess a variety of eukaryotic structures
15
Q
protozoa source of nutrients
A
- can’t make their own food through photosynthesis
- ingest whole algae, yeasts, bacteria, and smaller protozoa
- scavengers
16
Q
protozoa cell wall
A
- don’t have a cell wall but some have pellicle for protection
17
Q
- protozoa life cycle stages
A
- trophozoite and cyst
18
Q
trophozoite stage
A
motile, feeding, and dividing stage
19
Q
cyst stage
A
nonmotile, dormant, survival stage
20
Q
parasitic protozoa
A
- some protozoa are parasites
- can cause many human diseases like malaria, giardiasis, and trypanosomiasis
21
Q
protozoa classification groups based on locomotion
A
- amebae
- ciliates
- flagellates
- sporozoa
22
Q
amebae
A
- move by means of pseudopodia aka false feet
- ex: entamoeba histolytic causes amebic dysentery
23
Q
ciliates
A
- move by means of hair like cilia
- ex: balantidum coli causes balantidiasis
24
Q
flagellates
A
- move by means of whip like flagella
- ex: guardia lambida causes giardiasis
25
sporozoa
- have no visible means of locomotion
| - ex: plasmodium spp. causes malaria
26
study of fungi fungi
- study of fungi is called mycology
| - scientists are called mycologists
27
fungi
- found virtually everywhere
- can be harmful or beneficial
- represent diverse group of eukaryotes that include yeasts, moulds, and fleshy fungi
- "garbage disposers" of nature
- they are not plants and nonphotosynthetic
28
fungal cell wall
- contain polysaccharide called chitin
- some have septet hyphae which divides hyphae by cross wall or septa
- some have aseptate hyphae which do not have septa or separation
- septa is clue to identification
29
fungi size
- some are unicellular while others grow as filaments called hyphae
- hyphae intertwine to form a mass called mycelium
30
fungi reproduction
- can reproduce by budding, hyphae extension, or spore formation
31
fungi spores
- sexual and asexual (conidia) spores
- some have both
- spores are very resistant and last a long time
32
fungi classification
- based on mode of sexual reproduction and type of sexual spore they produce
33
five phyla or fungi
- zygomycotina
- chytridiomycotina
- ascomycotina
- basidiomycotina
- deuteromycotina
34
deuteromycotina/deuteromycetes
- include medically important moulds such as aspergillum and penicillium
- fungi in the phylum have no mode of sexual reproduction or it is unknown, they are asexual
35
yeasts
- eukaryotic unicellular organisms that lack mycelia
- individual referred to as lastospores or blastoconidia and can only be observed with microscope
- sting of elongated buds is know a pseudohypha
- some produce this-walled spore like structures called chlamydospores
36
yeast reproduction
- usually by budding by sometimes by a type or spore formation
37
yeast location
- found in soil and water and on skins of fruits and veggies
38
use of yeast
- used to make beer and wine
| - saccharomyces cerevisiae is yeast used in baking
39
candida albicans
- yeast and fungus most frequently isolated form human specimens
40
differentiating yeast colonies from bacterial colonies
- determined by wet mount
- yeasts are larger than bacteria and usually oval shaped
- yeasts are often observed in budding process and bacteria do not bud
41
mouls
- seen in water and soil and grow of food
| - produce cytoplasmic filaments called hyphae
42
two types of mould hyphae
- aerial which extend above surface of what mould is growing on
- vegetative which grow beneath the surface
43
mould reproduction
- by spore formation either sexually or asexually on aerial hyphae
44
importance of moulds
- antibiotic production like penicillium and acremonium
- some used to produce large quantities or enzymes used commercially
- flavour of blue cheese, roquefort, camembert, and limburger are due to moulds
45
fleshy fungi
- include mushrooms, toadstools, puffballs, and bracket fungi
- consist of network of filaments or strands (the mycelium) that grows in soil or on rotting logs
- fruiting body that grows above ground releases spores
- some mushrooms are edible some are toxic
46
fungi medically significants
- medical, veterinary, and agriculturally important because of diseases they can cause in humans, animals, and plants
- infectious disease of humans and animals caused by fungi/moulds are malled mycoses
47
categorization of fungal infections in humans
- superficial
- cutaneous
- subcutaneous
- systemic
48
superficial mycoses
- fungal infections of outermost area of human body
| - hair, nails, epidermis
49
cutaneous mycoses
- fungal infection of living layer of skin (dermis)
- group of moulds referred to as dermatophytes cause tinea infections (ringworm)
- Candida albicans can also cause cutaneous, oral, and vaginal infections (thrush)
50
subcutaneous mycoses
- fungal infections of dermis and underlying tissues
| - madura foot
51
systemic mycoses
- fungal infections of internal organs of body
| - spores of fungi may be inhaled with dust from soil or bird/bat poop and can also enter through cuts on hands and feet
52
systemic deep-seated pulmonary infection from mycoses
- blastomycosis, coccidioidomycosis, cryptococcosis, histoplasmosis
53
bread moulds
- inhalation of common bread moulds like rhizomes and mucor spp. can cause disease and even death in immunosuppressed pts
54
diagnosis of mycoses
- accomplished by culture techniques and immunodiagnostic procedures
- yeasts are identifies using biochemical tests
- moulds are identifies by their growth rate and by macro and micro scopic obervations
55
dimorphic fungi
- a few fungi including pathogens can live as either yeasts or moulds depending on growth conditions
- this phenomenon is known as dimorphism and the fungi are called dimorphic fungi
56
dimorphism
- when grown in vitro at body temperature 37C dimorphic fungi grow as yeasts and produce yeast colonies
- when grown in vitro at room temperature 25C dimorphic fungi grow as moulds and produce mould colonies
- when grown in vivo, dimorphic fungi grow as yeasts
57
lichens
- observed as coloured, often circular patches on tree trunks and rocks
- composed of an alga and a fungus in a mutualistic relationships
- classified as protists
58
slime moulds
- found in soil and on rotting logs
- fungal and protozoal characteristics
- classified as protists
59
life cycle of slime mould
spores, germinating spores, ameba cells eat bacteria, aggregation, migration stage, differentiation, sporangiophore
60
cytosome
- a primitive mouth or opening possessed by some protozoa
