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Microbiology > Chapter 15 > Flashcards

Chapter 15 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

host defence mechanisms

A
  • ways in which the body protects itself from pathogens

- 3 lines of defence

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2
Q

lines of defense

A
  • first 2 are non specific

- third is specific, the immune response

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3
Q

third line of defense

A
  • antibodies are produced in response to antigens

- the immune system, lymphocytes

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4
Q

second line of defence

A

cellular

  • inflammation
  • phagocytosis
  • transferrin
  • fever
  • interferons
  • complement system
  • acute-phase proteins
  • cytokines
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5
Q

first line of defence

A

acellular

  • intact skin
  • mucous membranes
  • cellular and chemical factors
  • microbial antagonism
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6
Q

non-specific host defence mechanisms

A
  • general and serve to protect body against harmful substances
  • innate or inborn resistance, mechanical and physical barriers, chemical factors, microbial antagonism, fever, inflammation, phagocytosis
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7
Q

physical barriers

A
  • skin and mucous membranes
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8
Q

cellular and chemical factors

A
  • pH, temperature, perspiration, cilia, and enzyme secretions
  • components of first line
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9
Q

microbial antagonism

A
  • when indigenous microbiota prevent colonization of bacteria as a result of competition for sites and nutrients and production of lethal substances
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10
Q

transferrin

A
  • a glycoprotein
  • levels increase in response to bacterial infection
  • binds to iron to deprive pathogens of it
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11
Q

fever

A
  • stimulated by progenies substances like pathogens and interleukin 1 (IL1)
  • increases hosts defences by stimulating leukocytes, reducing available iron, and inducing production of IL-1
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12
Q

interferons

A
  • small antiviral proteins produced by virus infected cells that prevent viruses form multiplying
  • no virus specific but species specific
  • can cause nonspecific flu like symptoms
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13
Q

3 types of interferons

A
  • alpha
  • beta
  • gamma
  • they are induced by different stimuli like viruses, tutors, bacteria, and foreign cells
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14
Q

the complement system

A
  • group of 30 different proteins found in normal blood plasma
  • assists in destruction of many different pathogens
  • complementary to immune system
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15
Q

complement cascade

A

when complement components interact with each other in a stepwise manner

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16
Q

opsinization

A
  • process where phagocytosis is facilitated by the deposition of options which are antibodies or complement fragments onto pathogens
  • it labels the pathogen for phagocytosis
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17
Q

acute-phase proteins

A
  • plasma proteins that increase rapidly in response to infection, inflammation, or tissue injury
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18
Q

cytokines

A
  • chemical mediators released from body cells

- enable cells to communicate with each other within the immune system and between immune and other body systems

19
Q

chemoattractants

A
  • type of cytokine called chemokines

- they recruit phagocytes to sites where they are needed

20
Q

inflammation

A
  • when the body responds to any injury, irritation, microbial invasion, or bacterial toxin by a complex series of events
21
Q

3 major events of inflammation

A

1) capillary vasodilation to increase BF
2) increased permeability of capillaries for escape of plasma and plasma proteins
3) exit of leukocytes from capillaries and their accumulation at injury site

22
Q

primary purposes of inflammation

A
  • localize infection
  • prevent spread of microbial invaders
  • neutralize toxins being produced at the site
  • aid in repair of damaged tissue
23
Q

4 major signs and symptoms of inflammation

A
  • redness
  • heat
  • edema
  • pain
24
Q

what causes edema

A

plasma that escapes from the capillaries into the site

25
Q

sequence of events in inflammation

A

1) tissue injury
2) vasodilation
3) increased permeability
4) emigration of leukocytes from blood vessel to tissue
5) chemotaxis
6) phagocytosis

26
Q

inflammatory exudate

A
  • the accumulation of fluid, cells, and cellular debris at the inflammation site
27
Q

purulent exudate

A
  • pus

- thick and green-yellow exudate with many live and dead leukocytes

28
Q

pyogenic microbes

A
  • result in additional pus formation

- staphylococci and streptococci

29
Q

phagocytes

A
  • phagocytic white blood cells
30
Q

phagocytosis

A
  • the process by which phagocytes surround and engulf foreign material
31
Q

3 major leukocytes

A
  • monocytes
  • lymphocytes
  • granulocytes (eosinophils, basophils, neutrophils)
32
Q

macrophages

A
  • phagocytosis
  • stimulates rest of immune system to respond
  • antigen presenting cell
33
Q

neutrophils

A
  • phagocytize

- release toxin that kills surrounding tissue

34
Q

most important groups of phagocytes in human body

A
  • macrophages and neutrophils
35
Q

4 steps in phagocytosis

A

1) chemotaxis
2) attachment
3) ingestion
4) digestion

36
Q

chemotaxis

A
  • phagocytes are attracted by chemotactic agents to site
37
Q

attachment

A

phagocyte attaches to object

38
Q

ingestion

A

pseudopodia surround object and it is taken into the cell

39
Q

digestion

A

object is broken down and dissolved by digestive enzymes and other mechanisms

40
Q

mechanisms by which pathogens escape phagocytosis

A
  • capsules serve to protect organism
  • some bacteria produce exoenzyme leukocidin which kills phagocyte
  • some bacteria like M TB are not destroyed within phagolysosome
  • mechanisms by which each pathogen evades digestion by lysosomal enzymes is different for each pathogen
41
Q

disorders that affect immune resposne

A
  • leukopenia
  • disorders affecting leukocyte motility and chemotaxis (related to actin defect)
  • disorder affecting intracellular killing by phagocytes (chronic granulomatous disease)
42
Q

leukopenia

A
  • abnormally low number to circulation leukocytes
43
Q

other factors affecting immune response (8)

A
  • nutritional status
  • increased iron levels
  • stress
  • cancer and chemo
  • genetic defects
  • age
  • AIDS
  • drugs

Microbiology (18 decks)

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