Chapter 5 The Human Body Flashcards
What is the heart made of?
Cardiac muscle or MYOCARDIUM
What is the ATRIUM?
The upper chamber in the heart
What is the VENTRICLE?
The lower chamber in the heart
What is the normal respiratory rate for adults?
12-20 breaths/min
What is the normal respiratory rate for children?
15-30 breaths/min
What is the normal respiratory rate for infants?
25-50 breaths/min
What are AGONAL GASPS?
Occasional, gasping breaths occur when the respiratory center in the brain continues to send signals to the breathing muscles after the heart has stopped
The heart receives the first blood distribution from where?
The AORTA
Where does the right side of the heart receive blood from?
The VEINS. Blood enters from the superior and inferior venae cavae intro the right atrium and then passes through the tricuspid valve to fill the right ventricle. After the right ventricle is filled, the tricuspid valve closes to prevent backflow after the right ventricular muscle contracts. Contraction of the right ventricle causes blood to flow through the pulmonic valve into the pulmonary artery and the pulmonary circulation
Where does the left side of the heart receive blood from?
It receives blood from the lungs through the PULMONARY VEINS into the left atrium, where it passes through the mitral valve into the left ventricle.
What is the CHORDAE TENDINEAE?
they are thin bands of fibrous tissue that attach to the valves in the heart and prevent them from inverting.
Ventricle contraction is known as
Systole
Ventrical relaxation is known as
Diastole
What is the normal resting heartbeat in adults?
60-100 beats/min
What is the resting heartbeat for a well conditioned athlete?
50-60 beats/min
How much blood is ejected per beat?
70-80 mL of blood is ejected known as the STROKE VOLUME
What is the Cardiac Output?
The amount of blood moved in 1 minute which is expressed as the heart rate times stroke volume
What is the middle layer of the artery?
It is the TUNICA MEDIA. This is where the smooth muscles are found that can contract and dilate to change the diameter of the blood vessel
What is the principal artery that carries fresh oxygenated blood to the body?
This is the AORTA
Where is the AORTA found?
This vessel is found in front of the spine in the chest and abdominal cavities
What are the only arteries that carry oxygen-depleted blood?
It is the PULMONARY ARTERY
What are the smallest branches of an artery?
ARTERIOLES
How is a PULSE created?
It is created by the forceful pumping of blood out the left ventricle and into the major arteries
The central pulses which can be felt at the upper portion of the neck are known as
CAROTID ARTERY
What pulse is felt in the groin?
FEMORAL ARTERY
What pulse is felt at the wrist at the base of the thumb?
RADIAL ARTERY
What pulse is felt on the medial aspect of the arm, between the elbow and shoulder?
BRACHIAL ARTERY
Where is the POSTERIOR TIBIAL ARTERY found?
Posterior to the medial malleolus
What pulse is felt on the top of the foot?
DORSALIS PEDIS ARTERY
What are the fine end divisions of the arterial system that allow contact between the blood and the cells of the tissues?
CAPILLARY VESSELS
What are SPHINCTERS?
Small muscles in the arterioles that can be opened or closed
What carries blood returning from the head, neck, shoulders, and upper extremities?
SUPERIOR VENA CAVA
Blood from the abdomen, pelvis, and lower extremities passes through the?
INFERIOR VENA CAVA
Where does the superior and inferior venae cavae join together at?
The right atrium of the heart
After blood enters from the superior and inferior venae cavae into the right atrium, it then passes through what valve?
TRICUSPID valve which then takes it to the right ventricle
The left side receives blood from lungs through the pulmonary veins into the left atrium, and then it passes through the?
MITRAL VALVE
What is SYSTEMIC VASCULAR RESISTANCE (SVR)?
This refers to the state of the blood vessels, how dilated or constricted they are. It is the resistance to blood flow within all of the blood vessels except the pulmonary vessels
Where is the spleen located?
Under the rib cage in the left upper quadrant of the abdomen
What system does the spleen belong to?
It is part of the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM
How much blood can be found at any given time in the spleen?
450mL because the body uses the spleen as a blood reservoir in case of blood loss
What is one of the most frequently injured abdominal organs in patients with blunt trauma?
The SPLEEN because it is made of delicate tissue and is highly vascular
What is blood made of?
PLASMA, ERYTHROCYTES (red blood cells), LEUKOCYTES (white blood cells), and PLATELETS
What is the liquid portion of the blood?
PLASMA
What makes up 92% of plasma?
WATER
What makes up 7% of plasma?
PROTEINS
What gives blood its red color?
HEMOGLOBIN
What does hemoglobin responsible for?
Carrying oxygen
What are PLATELETS responsible for?
Blood clotting; the mechanism that stops bleeding
What is the high point of blood pressure known as?
SYSTOLIC
What is the low point of blood pressure known as?
DIASTOLIC
How much blood can be found in the average adult?
6 L of blood
How much blood can be found in children?
2 to 3 L depending on age and size
How much blood can be found in infants?
300 mL
What is PERFUSION?
Circulation of blood in an organ or tissue in adequate amounts to meet the cells’ needs
What is the state of inadequate circulation when it involves the entire body?
SHOCK or HYPOPERFUSION
Approximately 30% of blood is found in the?
Heart, Arteries, and Capillaries
Where is 70% of blood found?
It is found in the veins and venules
What happens when your blood pressure falls?
Blood flow slows down and there is more blood in the veins. The blood flows away from the left ventricle and moves back to the right atria
What is the space between cells?
INTERSTITIAL SPACE
What are the two main forces at work inside the capillary?
HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE and ONCOTIC PRESSURE
What is the main function of plasma?
Transporting CO2
What is the main function of white blood cells?
Fight infection
What is the main function of red blood cells?
Transporting O2
What is the main function of chemicals within the plasma?
They control (buffer) pH
What system is responsible for the fight or flight response?
The SYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM
What do the hormones EPINEPHRINE and NOREPINEPHRINE do?
After the sympathetic nervous systems sends commands to the adrenal glands, these two hormones are secreted to stimulate the heart and blood vessels. AKA adrenaline and noradrenaline
What system is the brain and spinal cord a part of?
NERVOUS SYSTEM; responsible for controlling breathing, heart rate, and blood pressure
What is the nervous system divided into?
CENTRAL NERVOUS SYSTEM and the PERIPHERAL NERVOUS SYSTEM
The SOMATIC NERVOUS SYSTEM is the part of the peripheral nervous system responsible for?
This system is responsible for voluntary control such as walking and talking
What is AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM responsible for?
Functions that occur involuntarily such as digestion, dilation, sweating and etc.
What is the largest part of the brain and how is it divided?
CEREBRUM and is made of four lobes: frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital
What is the “little brain”?
CEREBELLUM; its major function is to coordinate the various activities of the body
What is the controlling center for virtually all body functions?
BRAIN STEM; controls cardiac, respiratory and other basic body functions
The brain stem comprises 3 areas known as the?
MIDBRAIN, PONS, and MEDULLA OBLONGATA
Where do MOTOR NERVES carry information from and to?
They carry info from the CNS to the muscles of the body
What are the two parts of the skin?
SUPERFICIAL EPIDERMIS and DEEPER DERMIS
What lies below the skin?
SUBCUTANEOUS TISSUE
What is the most superficial layer of the skin?
EPIDERMIS
The epidermis is composed of several layers of cells and these layers can be separated into 2 regions known as?
GERMINAL LAYER which continuously produces new cells that gradually rise to the surface. On the way to the surface, these cells die and enter the STRATUM CORNEAL LAYER (dead layer of skin)
How long does is take the cells from the germinal layer to reach the stratum corneal layer?
It takes about 4 weeks
What lies below the germinal layer?
DERMIS
What are the SEBACEOUS GLANDS?
Found next to hair follicles and secrete sebum along the hair follicle to the skin surface
What makes up the subcutaneous tissue?
It is mainly made up of fat. This fat serves as an insulator for the bosy and as a reservoir to store energy
What is the difference between MUCOUS MEMBRANES and SKIN?
Mucous membranes secrete MUCUS, a watery substance that lubricates the openings
What is the largest single organ in the body?
The skin and it serves 3 major functions: to protect the body in the environment, to regulate the temperature of the body, and to transmit info from the environment to the brain
What is another name for the DIGESTIVE SYSTEM and what is it composed of?
GASTROINTESTINAL SYSTEM and is composed of gastrointestinal tract, mouth, salivary glands, pharynx, esophagus, liver, gallbladder pancreas, rectum, and anus
What organs are found in the RUQ (right upper quadrant)?
Liver, gallbladder, and a portion of the colon
What organs are found in the LUQ (left upper quadrant)?
Stomach, spleen, and a portion of the colon
What is found in the RLQ (right lower quadrant)?
It contains two portions of the large intestine: the CECUM, the 1st portion in which the small intestine (ileum) opens, and the ascending colon. The APPENDIX is a small tubular structure that is attached to the lower border of the cecum
What is the OROPHARYNX?
A tubular structure that extends vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea
How long is the esophagus?
It is 10” long and extends from the end of the pharynx to the stomach and lies anterior to the spinal column in the chest
What protects the stomach?
Lower left ribs
Where is the pancreas found?
It lies below and behind the liver and stomach and behind the peritoneum.
What two glands are found in the pancreas?
EXOCRINE and ENDOCRINE (where insulin is produced)
What organ takes up most of the area beneath the diaphragm in the RUQ and extends into the LUQ?
It is the LIVER and is the largest solid organ in the abdomen
What does the GALLBLADDER do?
Discharges stored and concentrated bile into the duodenum through the common bile duct
What makes up the SMALL INTESTINE?
DUODENUM, JEJUNUM, ILEUM
What part of the Small Intestine receives food from the stomach?
DUODENUM which is 12” long
What makes up the LARGE INTESTINE?
CECUM, COLON, RECTUM
What is the lowermost end of the colon?
RECTUM
What is stored in the rectum?
Janky boo boo
What is the ENDOCRINE SYSTEM?
It is a complex message and control system that integrates body functions and they release their hormones directly into the bloodstream
What are the main functions of the urinary system?
Control fluid balance in the body, filter and eliminate wastes, and control pH balance
Where do the kidneys lie?
They lie on the posterior wall of the abdomen behind the peritoneum in the retroperitoneal space
What do kidneys do?
They rid the blood of toxic waste products and control its balance of water and salt
What is the RENAL PELVIS?
A cone shaped collecting area that connects the ureter and the kidney
What is PERISTALSIS?
Tubes where wavelike contractions of smooth muscles move urine to the bladder
What are the waste products of AEROBIC METABOLISM?
carbon dioxide and water
What is the term to describe the body not getting enough oxygen?
HYPOXIA
What is the term for the body having a higher than normal level of CO2?
HYPERCARBIA
What is the most easily understood type of shock?
HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK (lack of blood volume)
What happens in CARDIOGENIC or OBSTRUCTIVE SHOCK?
If the heart is not functioning correctly, wastes and nutrients can be prevented from being moved effectively
Issues regarding the dilation and constriction of blood vessels lead to what kind of shock?
DISTRIBUTIVE SHOCK
What happens when the available glucose is dramatically decreased?
Brain cells will become damaged or die
