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EMT > Chapter 16 Gastrointestinal and Urologic Emergencies > Flashcards

Chapter 16 Gastrointestinal and Urologic Emergencies Flashcards

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1
Q

What are the solid organs found in the abdominal cavity?

A

Liver, Spleen, Pancreas, Kidneys, and Ovaries (in women)

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2
Q

What are the hollow organs found in the abdominal cavity?

A

Gallbladder, Stomach, Small Intestine, Large Intestine, and Urinary Bladder

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3
Q

What is the function of the liver during digestion?

A

It secretes bile which aids in the digestion of fats

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4
Q

What are the 3 sections of the small intestine?

A

Duodenum, Jejunum, and Ileum

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5
Q

What occurs in the duodenum?

A

This is where the digestive juices from the pancreas and liver mix together

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6
Q

How does the pancreas aid in digestion?

A

It secretes juices that contain enzymes that help break down starches, fats, and proteins. It also releases AMYLASE which is responsible for breaking down starches into sugar

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7
Q

What is the JEJUNUM’s role in the absorption of digestive products?

A

The jejunum makes up most of the surface area of the small intestine and connects the duodenum to the ileum

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8
Q

What happens in the Ileum?

A

This is where the proteins, fats, and starches are reduced to amino acids, fatty acids, and simple sugars

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9
Q

What happens to the food that is not broken down in the small intestine?

A

It then moves into the colon or large intestine and becomes waste products

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10
Q

What is the name of the rhythmic movement that moves the waste matter through the intestines?

A

This is called PERISTALSIS

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11
Q

Does the spleen have digestive system function?

A

NO. It is part of the lymphatic system and assists in the filtration of blood, aids in the development of red blood cells, and serves as a blood reservoir. It also produces antibodies

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12
Q

What is the location of the kidneys?

A

They lie on the posterior muscular wall of the abdomen behind the peritoneum in the retroperitoneal space

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13
Q

What is an important role of the kidneys?

A

They are important in the regulation of acidity and blood pressure

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14
Q

How is the kidney important in blood pressure regulation?

A

The kidney’s ability to remove sodium chloride from the body and its excess fluid

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15
Q

What is the most common cause of secondary hypertension?

A

KIDNEY DISEASE

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16
Q

How high is blood flow in the kidneys?

A

Nearly 20% of the output of blood from the heart passes through the kidneys each minute

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17
Q

What cone shaped collecting area connects the ureter and the kidney?

A

RENAL PELVIS

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18
Q

Where is the urethra located in males?

A

It passes from the anterior base of the bladder through the penis

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19
Q

Where is the urethra located in females?

A

The urethra opens at the front of the vagina

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20
Q

How much urine does the normal adult form daily?

A

1.5-2 L of urine

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21
Q

What lines the abdominal cavity?

A

PERITONEUM

22
Q

What does the PARIETAL peritoneum line?

A

Abdominal Cavity

23
Q

What does the VISCERAL peritoneum line?

A

It covers the ORGANS

24
Q

When foreign material cause irritation of the peritoneum, this is called?

A

PERITONITIS

25
Q

What is ACUTE ABDOMEN?

A

Medical term for sudden onset of abdominal pain

26
Q

Peritonitis typically causes paralysis of the muscular contractions that normally propel material through the intestine and can be referred to as…

A

ILEUS

27
Q

In the event of ILEUS, how does the stomach empty itself?

A

through EMESIS, or vomiting

28
Q

Inflammation of the gallbladder is also known as?

A

DIVERTICULITIS or CHOLECYSTITIS

29
Q

What are the two types of nerves that supply the peritoneum?

A

PARIETAL and VISCERAL

30
Q

The nerves that supply the parietal peritoneum come from the same nerves of the spinal cord and therefore can perceive what sensations?

A

Pain, Touch, Pressure, Heat, and Cold; these nerves can easily identify and localize a point of irritation

31
Q

What is the visceral peritoneum supplied by?

A

It is supplied by the autonomic nervous system and is stimulated when distention or contraction of the hollow abdominal organs activates the stretch receptors

32
Q

What is REFERRED PAIN?

A

The result of connections between the body’s 2 separate nervous systems ex:pain is perceived in the shoulders or back when it actually occurs in the abdomen

33
Q

What is PUD?

A

Peptic Ulcer Disease: protective layer in stomach and duodenum is eroded and allows acid to eat into the organ over time

34
Q

Using what kind of drug is a major cause in peptic ulcers?

A

NSAIDs Nonsteroidal anti inflammatory drugs

35
Q

What are the symptoms of peptic ulcers?

A

Patients tend to feel burning or gnawing pain in the stomach that diminishes after eating and then reemerges 2-3 hours later; Pain usually starts in the upper abdomen but can be found below the sternum

36
Q

What if the erosion in ulcers is severe and gastric bleeding occurs?

A

It will results in Hematemesis or Melena

37
Q

What can form and block the outlet from the gallbladder?

A

GALLSTONES

38
Q

What is CHOLECYSTITIS?

A

Gallstones can lead to severe inflammation of the gallbladder

39
Q

In severe cases of cholecystitis, the gallbladder may rupture and this condition presents itself where?

A

This will present constant severe pain in the upper right or midabdominal region and may refer to the right upper back, shoulder area, or flank

40
Q

When does Cholecystitis present itself?

A

Symptoms will occur 30 minutes after a fatty meal and usually at night

41
Q

What causes PANCREATITIS?

A

It can be caused by an obstructing gallstone, alcohol abuse, and other diseases

42
Q

Where are the pains of pancreatitis found?

A

Present in the UPPER LEFT and RIGHT quadrants and can radiate to the back

43
Q

What are some signs of pancreatitis?

A

Nausea and vomiting, abdominal distention, and tenderness

44
Q

What is APPENDICITIS?

A

inflammation or infection in the appendix and is a frequent cause of acute abdomen

45
Q

What can appendicitis cause?

A

It will eventually cause the tissues to die and/or rupture, causing an abscess, peritonitis, or shock

46
Q

In what location/s does appendicitis occur?

A

It centers in the umbilical area but can later localize to the RIGHT LOWER quadrant of the abdomen

47
Q

What is a classic symptom of appendicitis?

A

REBOUND TENDERNESS which is a result of peritoneal irritation

48
Q

Where does a gastrointestinal hemorrhage occur?

A

It can occur in the UPPER or LOWER gastrointestinal tract

49
Q

What are common causes of bleeding in the lower gastrointestinal tract?

A

Bowel inflammation, diverticulitis, and hemorrhoids

50
Q

What is Esophagitis?

A

This occurs when the lining of the esophagus becomes inflamed by infection or from the acids in the stomach

51
Q

What will the patient complain of when suffering from esophagitis?

A

They may report pain with swallowing or the feeling of an object stuck in his or her throat

52
Q

How do ESOPHAGEAL VARICES occur?

A

This happens when the amount of pressure within the blood vessels surrounding the esophagus increases

EMT (12 decks)

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