Chapter 23 Bleeding Flashcards
What are the 3 parts of the cardiovascular system?
The Heart (pump), the blood vessels (container), and BLOOD and fluids (the fluid)
Can the heart still function after the nervous system shuts down?
Yes
What kind of blood does the right side of the heart receive?
It receives oxygen poor (deoxygenated) blood from the veins
What kind of blood does the left side of the heart?
It receives the oxygen rich (oxygenated) blood through the pulmonary veins
Which chamber is responsible for providing the 100% of the body with oxygen rich blood?
The left ventricle and it is the most muscular part of the heart
What are the five types of blood vessels?
Arteries, Arterioles, Capillaries, Venules, Veins
What is the largest artery in the body?
AORTA
How long does it take for the brain and spinal cord to be injured without perfusion?
They can be injured after 4-6 minutes
Can cells in the central nervous system regenerate?
NO NO NO
How long after inadequate perfusion do kidneys become damaged?
It takes 45 minutes
How long does it take for skeletal muscle to become injured after inadequate perfusion?
It takes 12 COD matches or 2 hours
What are the 5 SIGNS of HYPOVOLEMIC SHOCK??
RAPID weak pulse, LOW blood pressure, CHANGES in mental status, CLAMMY skin, CYANOSIS
How much blood does the typical adult have per kilogram of body weight?
Approximately 70 mL
How much blood loss does a child need to lose to show significant symptoms of blood loss?
It only takes 100-200mL of blood loss
What is Hypovolemic shock?
Low blood volume results in inadequate perfusion and even death
What does MOI stand for?
Mechanism of Injury
Bleeding from an open artery is what color?
BRIGHT red because it is higher in oxygen
Bleeding from an open vein is what color?
DARK red because it is low in oxygen
What does capillary blood look like?
It is a dark red and oozes steadily but slowly
What is more likely to clot spontaneously, Capillary or Arterial blood?
Capillary Blood
What is VASOCONSTRICTION?
The narrowing of an open vessel reducing the amount of bleeding
What is COAGULATION?
This is the process of a clot forming, plugging the hole and sealing the injured portions of the vessel
What medication interferes with blood clotting?
ASPIRIN
Some people lack one or more of the blood’s clotting factors, this is known as?
HEMOPHILIA
What are the typical signs of internal bleeding?
Local swelling and bruising due to the accumulation of blood around the ends of the broken bone
What is DCAP BTLS?
DEFORMITIES, CONTUSIONS, ABRASIONS, PUNCTURES, BURNS, TENDERNESS, LACERATIONS, and SWELLING
What are common causes of nontraumatic internal bleeding?
Bleeding Ulcers, Bleeding from the Colon, Ruptured ectopic pregnancy, and Aneurysms
What are signs of internal bleeding in older patients?
DIZZINESS, FAINTNESS, WEAKNESS
What are other terms for a bruise?
CONTUSION or ECCHYMOSIS
What is a HEMATOMA?
It is a mass of blood in the soft tissues beneath the skin, which indicates bleeding into soft tissues and may be the result of a minor or severe injury
What is the term for vomited blood?
HEMATEMESIS
What is MELENA?
A black, foul smelling, tarry stool that contains digested blood
What is the term for bright red blood coughed up by the patient?
HEMOPTYSIS
What are the signs and symptoms of a closed fracture that is bleeding?
Pain, Tenderness, Bruising, Guarding, or Swelling
What are the signs and symptoms of a lacerated spleen or liver?
Broken Ribs, Bruises over the lower part of the chest, or a Rigid, Distended Abdomen
What is the first step in a secondary assessment?
PHYSICAL EXAMINATIONS: check the airway, look for distended neck veins, deviated trachea, paradoxical movement of the chest wall, bilateral breathing sounds, heart rate and pulses, level of consciousness, pupil size and reactivity, motor response, sensory response, look for DCAP-BTLS and check ALL anatomic regions
What do you do when you suspect significant bleeding, whether internally or externally?
Provide high flow oxygen
What are the 3 methods to control external bleeding?
Direct even pressure and elevation, Pressure dressings or splints, and TOURNIQUETS
How high do you elevate a bleeding extremity when applying direct pressure?
As little as 6”
Can you elevate an open fracture?
NEVER NEVER NEVER elevate an open fracture. ONLY after splinting can you elevate a fracture
If a commercial tourniquet is not available, what can be used as a substitute?
A triangular bandage which needs to be folded 4” wide and 6-8 layers thick; bandage needs to be wrapped around extremity twice
Can you apply a tourniquet over a joint?
NO NO NO, keep it as close to the injury as possible
What are traction splints?
They are designed to stabilize FEMUR fractures
What is the medical term for a nosebleed?
EPISTAXIS or EPIC TAXES ahhhhhhh
Bleeding from the nose or ears following a head injury may indicate what?
SKULL FRACTURE and in this case, you should NOT attempt to stop the blood flow
