Chapter 5-The Dairy Industry Flashcards
What is the Luis pasture
Pasteurizing and kills bacteria
What are the benefits of milk and milk products
- easily digestible, high quality protein
- minerals
- vitamins
What is condensed milk
Takes water out of milk, keeps important nutrients
What is a cream separator
Pulls fat to make butter
What is the Babcock cream test
Test amount of fat, used to price
What is homogenization.
Force milk through screen to separate milk globules
What are some major developments in the dairy industry
- milking machine
- improved method of processing milk
- mechanical refrigeration
What are the leading states
- California
- Wisconsin
- New York
- Idaho
- Pennsylvania
What is the percent of milk used and what is the percent of milk by- products
44% for milk and 56% milk by-products
What was the total milk production in 2005
601 lbs dairy products per person
- more low fat or non fat and less whole milk
What has happened milk production since 1959
Number how cows have decreased,however, we have more milk production than ever before. We have become more efficient
How many milk cows in 2010
9.12 million
What do newborn dairy cows need and how much of it
Colostrum and 4 lbs
When the calf is born, what happens to it
- separated from dam and dam is milked and managed with producing herd.
- fed colostrum for 2 to 3 days
What happens to the extra colostrum
- cannot be sold as milk to consumer
- frozen or diluted-2 parts colostrum: 1 part milk and fed to calves
Explain how a calf’s environment should be
- keep calf in clean, dry, draft-free housing
- change to whole milk or milk replacement and change is over time
What are some calf feeding procedures
- do not overfeed
- feed regularly
- keep feeding equipment and pens clean
- feed at same temperature
What are some more calf feeding procedures
- must receive milk or milk replacer until they are 6 to 8 weeks old
- weaning depends on on functional rumen
- feed calf starter(concentrate mix) and high quality hay beginning at seven days of age
- fresh clean water always available
What is a nurse cow
A nurse cow used to nurse calves, two or more calves on one cow because she produces too much for one calf
What is the whole milk system and what is the problem with it
You hand feed while milk to calves, it costs too much
What is the milk replacer system
Feed calves milk replacer and it is 1/3 the cost of whole milk
When is a heifer able to begin lactation
24 months of age and is pregnant by 14 or 15 months of age
What are heifers fed for growth
- feed concentrates: 3 to 4 lbs per day
- high quality pasture or freed choice hay up to one year of age
In what condition should replacement heifers be in
Should be in good condition, however, should never be too fat. Fat accumulates in the udder.
Describe the care of a cow during gestation
- enter milking string( when the heifer joins milking heard at 2 years)at 2 years of age
- bred heifers should be kept in good condition on pasture or hay with concentrates is necessary
What is a springer
Heifers within 1 to 3 months of calving
What is a dry cow
Cow not being milked 50 to 69 days before calving
-allows mammary system and cow to recover from previous lactation
What is the heifer and dry cow care 2 months before calving
- heifers are kept with dry cow prior to calving
- heifers and dry cows put on good pasture or fed good quality hay(alfalfa for example)
- give concentrates only if necessary
- important for high producing cows to gain weight prior to calving and lactation
- must feed extra during late lactation
- good pasture or high quality hay is given free choice
How long is normal lactation and how much is produced at peak lactation
305 days, 35 kg or 2.2 lbs, 10-12 gallons a day
When is the greatest lactation achieved
- after calving
- four to six weeks after calving maximum production is reached
How do you feed lactating females
- high quality legumes or other roughage with high quality concentrate
- feed a lot of concentrates to fresh cows
- do not exceed 60% concentrate in a ration because it will drop milk fat
When do you rebreed the lactating cow
-fifty to sixty days are required before a cow can rebreed, usually with AI
What are dairy records and what dies the USDA do with them
- Dairy cows production is measured by corrected lactation records
- USDA calculates and publishes his data on cows in relationship to the bull
How many parts is the udder divided into
4
Describe where milk is secreted
Milk is secreted by
- individual secretory "grape-like" units called alveoli.
- alveoli consists of epithelial cells
- epithelial cells secrete milk
What is a lobule
A cluster of alveoli
Where does milk drain into
Mammary ducts
What is the gland cistern
- where all the mammary ducts intersect
- milk drains from the gland cistern through annular ring sphincter muscle of the upper teat to the teat cistern
What is the streak canal
Opening from the teat cistern to the outside
What supports the mammary gland
Suspensory ligaments
How much blood is needed to synthesize 1 lb of milk and when is synthesis most rapid
- 300 to 500 lbs of blood passes through the udder
- synthesis of milk is most rapid immediately after milking
How large does the udder increase in size between milking
Increases to 1/3 it’s size
What is the relationship is pressure and milk secretion
As pressure increases in the gland, milk secretion decreases
What is milk let down
- expulsion of milk from alveoli and ducts
- it is a nervous reflex by various stimuli
What kinds of stimulus are used to start milk let down
- suckling, auditory, and visual stimulus
- washing the mammary gland
What does the stimulus do
Releases oxytocin from the posterior pituitary
- reaches the udder in a fee seconds
- it causes contraction of the tissue of the alveoli and small ducts forcing milk into the large duct system
How long does milk let down last
-6 to 8 minutes
What is residual milk
-milk leftover after normal milking
How many times a day is a cow milked
2,3, or 4 times
What is the process of milking
- pre-milking sanitation
- milker attachment and removal
- post-milking sanitation
