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Agriculture Science 100 > Chapter 4 Outline-nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Outline-nutrition Flashcards

(73 cards)

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0
Q

Define metabolism

A

Changes which a good undergoes after absorption

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1
Q

Define digestion

A

Preparation of good for absorption

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2
Q

Define Absorption

A

Taking up of fluids or other substances by the skin, mucks, mucus surface, and absorption vessels.

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3
Q

Define assimilation

A

Transformation of good into living tissue

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4
Q

What two categories can feeds be divided into

A

Roughages and concentrates

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5
Q

Define feed

A

Substances eaten and digested that provides essential nutrients

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6
Q

Define roughages

A

Feed that is high in fiber and low in digestibility

Hay or grass-type products

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7
Q

Define concentrates

A

Low in fiber and high in digestibility

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8
Q

Define ration

A

The feed allowed an animal in a 24-hour period

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9
Q

Define a balanced ration

A

A ration that provides the nutrients in the correct amount and ratio to properly nourish an animal for a 24-hour period

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10
Q

Define nutrient

A

A group of general structures that aid in the support of life.

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11
Q

What are the six nutrients

A 
Water
Protein
Carbohydrates
Minerals 
Vitamins 
Fats
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12
Q

What are the five functions of water

A 
Dissolve and carry nutrients 
Control body temperature 
Shape of cells
Excretion of waste 
Digestive process
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13
Q

What are the two symptoms of water deficiency

A

Decrease feed intake

Decease growth

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14
Q

What are the four functions of proteins

A

Body building
Hormones
Enzymes
Hair and skin pigmentation

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15
Q

What kind of amino acids do non-ruminants need

A
  • Need specific amino acids

- Need a high quality protein containing a large variety if amino acids

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16
Q

What kind of amino acids do ruminants need

A

They do not need a wide variety of protein because they can synthesize needed amino acids through the actions of microorganisms in the rumen.

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17
Q

What are some good protein sources

A

Cottonseed meal
Soybean meal
Legume Hays
- Alfalfa Hay

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18
Q

What are three situations where protein in needed

A

Young
Pregnant
Lactating

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19
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates

A
  • To provide energy

- Energy is used for maintenance, growth, fattening, reproduction, and lactation

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20
Q

What are the three classifications for carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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21
Q

What are monosaccharides and give examples

A

The simplest form of carbohydrates

Glucose and fructose

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22
Q

What are disaccharides and give some examples

A

Two attached sugars

Sucrose- cane sugar
Lactose- milk sugar
Maltose- malt sugar

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23
Q

What are polysaccharides and some examples

A

Starch and cellulose

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24
What is a starch
- Many glucose units, energy - principle form of stored energy in grain - digest starch to glucose - very digestible, feeding value is relatively high
25
What is cellulose
- Bulk of plant cell walls which forms the woody fibrous parts, form glucose - examples are roughages - less digestible, still forms glucose - yields same energy as starch, less efficient since some energy must be used in the process of digestion to break down into glucose.
26
What are three symptoms of deficiency in carbohydrates
- loss of weight - delayed puberty and maturity - overall poor body condition
27
How much more energy to fats have compared to carbohydrates on an equal weight basis
2.25
28
Why are fats used in livestock feeds
- Raises energy level in feed | - Improves flavor, texture and playability
29
What are some examples of fats
Vegetable oil and rendered animal fats
30
Why is fat used for livestock production
- marbling in meat - healthy hair and skin - forms adipose deposits
31
What is a symptom of fat deficiency
Skin problems
32
What are the two functions if minerals
- regulate osmotic pressure in cells | - skeletal structure
33
How many minerals are required for the body
15
34
What vitamin is required for absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Vitamin D
35
Where is calcium and phosphorus absorbed into the body
- composition of bone | - 1% in soft tissue and blood
36
What are some symptoms of calcium and phosphorus deficiency
``` -bone problems Rickets Osteomalacia -delayed blood clotting -irregular and delayed estrus ```
37
Where is Ca and P found in plants
Ca is in leaf | P is in seed
38
What are some Ca and P supplements
- steamed bone meal | - Dicalcium phosphate
39
What are some Ca supplements
- ground limestone | - oyster shells
40
What are the functions of Na, K, and Cl
- regulation of osmotic pressure - acid-base balance - water metabolism
41
What are se sources of Na, K, and Cl
NaCl salt and plants are high in K
42
What are some deficiency of salt
Unthriftiness and loss of appetite
43
What are the functions of iron
Healthy hemoglobin
44
What are some deficiency symptoms of iron
Anemia, labored breathing, and baby pigs injected with iron
45
What are the two types of vitamins and examples
Fat soluble -A, D, E, and K Water soluble -B complex and C
46
What are some vitamin A functions
- Regulate cell metabolism - maintain normal epithelium - needed for sight - bone development
47
What are some deficiency in vitamin A
- decrease growth - blindness - respiratory and reproduction problems
48
Sources of Vitamin A
Fish oils: cod liver and shark oil Animal products: liver and cheese Synthetic Cattle can store it in liver
49
What is carotene
2 vitamin A linked together. It is a precursor to vitamin A
50
What are sources of Vitamin A
Green: grass, hay, and silage Yellow: corn and carrits
51
What are the functions of vitamin D
Absorption
52
What are some deficiency symptoms of vitamin D
- bone problems - delayed blood clotting - irregular and delayed estrus
53
What is the sources of vitamin D
- sunlight on skin - synthetic - animal products
54
What are the functions of vitamin E
- integrity of cells | - reproduction
55
What is the source of vitamin E
Feed containing natural oils
56
What is the function of vitamin K
Blood clotting
57
What is the source of vitamin K
Forages
58
What is the function of B vitamins
Nutrient building blocks for metabolism
59
What vitamins can ruminants digest
Vitamin B and Vitamin C
60
What are the two types of digestive systems
Mono gastric and ruminant
61
What happens in the alimentary canal
- digestion in mouth - prehension, bringing food to mouth - mastication, chewing - salivation, mixing food with salvia
62
What happens in the esophagus
Bolus is formed in the mouth and swallowed
63
What are the four compartments of the ruminant
- rumen, paunch or fermentation vat - reticulum, honeycomb in appearance - omasum, many plies - abomasum, true stomach
64
What happens in the rumen
- storage - mixing - home for microbes - holds 40 to 50 gallons
65
What kind of microbes are in the rumen
Bacteria, yeast, fungi, and protazoa
66
What are the functions of the microbes
- gases - heat - volatile fatty acids - breakdown of cellulose to form energy - synthesize B vitamins and vitamin C - produces amino acids
67
What happens in the reticulum
- function is to contract - no digestive juices - holds 13 quarts - hardware disease is when a sharp object is swallowed and penetrates the reticulum. Animal stands pigeon tied
68
What happens in the omasum
- powerful muscular walls - large absorptive capacities - capacity 20 quarts
69
What happens in the abomasum
-most digestion is completed by abomasum -has an acid pH -capacity 20 quarts -enzymes Pepsin: initiates protein breakdown Rennin: curdles milk Gastric lipase: breakdown fat
70
What happens in the small intestine
-this is where all nutrients except VFA's are absorbed into the blood -has digestive juices Pancreatic juices -produced by pancreas -trypsin: finish breakdown of protein -amylase: breaks down starch to maltose - lipase: breaks down fat -intestinal juices: enzymes also produced by cells in the wall of the small intestine
71
What happens in the cecum
- had microorganisms | - digest fiber similar to rumen
72
What happens in the large intestine
- water is removed | - remainder is excreted as feces

Agriculture Science 100 (12 decks)

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