Chapter 4 Outline-nutrition Flashcards
Define metabolism
Changes which a good undergoes after absorption
Define digestion
Preparation of good for absorption
Define Absorption
Taking up of fluids or other substances by the skin, mucks, mucus surface, and absorption vessels.
Define assimilation
Transformation of good into living tissue
What two categories can feeds be divided into
Roughages and concentrates
Define feed
Substances eaten and digested that provides essential nutrients
Define roughages
Feed that is high in fiber and low in digestibility
Hay or grass-type products
Define concentrates
Low in fiber and high in digestibility
Define ration
The feed allowed an animal in a 24-hour period
Define a balanced ration
A ration that provides the nutrients in the correct amount and ratio to properly nourish an animal for a 24-hour period
Define nutrient
A group of general structures that aid in the support of life.
What are the six nutrients
Water Protein Carbohydrates Minerals Vitamins Fats
What are the five functions of water
Dissolve and carry nutrients Control body temperature Shape of cells Excretion of waste Digestive process
What are the two symptoms of water deficiency
Decrease feed intake
Decease growth
What are the four functions of proteins
Body building
Hormones
Enzymes
Hair and skin pigmentation
What kind of amino acids do non-ruminants need
- Need specific amino acids
- Need a high quality protein containing a large variety if amino acids
What kind of amino acids do ruminants need
They do not need a wide variety of protein because they can synthesize needed amino acids through the actions of microorganisms in the rumen.
What are some good protein sources
Cottonseed meal
Soybean meal
Legume Hays
- Alfalfa Hay
What are three situations where protein in needed
Young
Pregnant
Lactating
What are the functions of carbohydrates
- To provide energy
- Energy is used for maintenance, growth, fattening, reproduction, and lactation
What are the three classifications for carbohydrates
Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides
What are monosaccharides and give examples
The simplest form of carbohydrates
Glucose and fructose
What are disaccharides and give some examples
Two attached sugars
Sucrose- cane sugar
Lactose- milk sugar
Maltose- malt sugar
What are polysaccharides and some examples
Starch and cellulose
What is a starch
- Many glucose units, energy
- principle form of stored energy in grain
- digest starch to glucose
- very digestible, feeding value is relatively high
What is cellulose
- Bulk of plant cell walls which forms the woody fibrous parts, form glucose
- examples are roughages
- less digestible, still forms glucose
- yields same energy as starch, less efficient since some energy must be used in the process of digestion to break down into glucose.
What are three symptoms of deficiency in carbohydrates
- loss of weight
- delayed puberty and maturity
- overall poor body condition
How much more energy to fats have compared to carbohydrates on an equal weight basis
2.25
Why are fats used in livestock feeds
- Raises energy level in feed
- Improves flavor, texture and playability
What are some examples of fats
Vegetable oil and rendered animal fats
Why is fat used for livestock production
- marbling in meat
- healthy hair and skin
- forms adipose deposits
What is a symptom of fat deficiency
Skin problems
What are the two functions if minerals
- regulate osmotic pressure in cells
- skeletal structure
How many minerals are required for the body
15
What vitamin is required for absorption of calcium and phosphorus
Vitamin D
Where is calcium and phosphorus absorbed into the body
- composition of bone
- 1% in soft tissue and blood
What are some symptoms of calcium and phosphorus deficiency
-bone problems Rickets Osteomalacia -delayed blood clotting -irregular and delayed estrus
Where is Ca and P found in plants
Ca is in leaf
P is in seed
What are some Ca and P supplements
- steamed bone meal
- Dicalcium phosphate
What are some Ca supplements
- ground limestone
- oyster shells
What are the functions of Na, K, and Cl
- regulation of osmotic pressure
- acid-base balance
- water metabolism
What are se sources of Na, K, and Cl
NaCl salt and plants are high in K
What are some deficiency of salt
Unthriftiness and loss of appetite
What are the functions of iron
Healthy hemoglobin
What are some deficiency symptoms of iron
Anemia, labored breathing, and baby pigs injected with iron
What are the two types of vitamins and examples
Fat soluble
-A, D, E, and K
Water soluble
-B complex and C
What are some vitamin A functions
- Regulate cell metabolism
- maintain normal epithelium
- needed for sight
- bone development
What are some deficiency in vitamin A
- decrease growth
- blindness
- respiratory and reproduction problems
Sources of Vitamin A
Fish oils: cod liver and shark oil
Animal products: liver and cheese
Synthetic
Cattle can store it in liver
What is carotene
2 vitamin A linked together. It is a precursor to vitamin A
What are sources of Vitamin A
Green: grass, hay, and silage
Yellow: corn and carrits
What are the functions of vitamin D
Absorption
What are some deficiency symptoms of vitamin D
- bone problems
- delayed blood clotting
- irregular and delayed estrus
What is the sources of vitamin D
- sunlight on skin
- synthetic
- animal products
What are the functions of vitamin E
- integrity of cells
- reproduction
What is the source of vitamin E
Feed containing natural oils
What is the function of vitamin K
Blood clotting
What is the source of vitamin K
Forages
What is the function of B vitamins
Nutrient building blocks for metabolism
What vitamins can ruminants digest
Vitamin B and Vitamin C
What are the two types of digestive systems
Mono gastric and ruminant
What happens in the alimentary canal
- digestion in mouth
- prehension, bringing food to mouth
- mastication, chewing
- salivation, mixing food with salvia
What happens in the esophagus
Bolus is formed in the mouth and swallowed
What are the four compartments of the ruminant
- rumen, paunch or fermentation vat
- reticulum, honeycomb in appearance
- omasum, many plies
- abomasum, true stomach
What happens in the rumen
- storage
- mixing
- home for microbes
- holds 40 to 50 gallons
What kind of microbes are in the rumen
Bacteria, yeast, fungi, and protazoa
What are the functions of the microbes
- gases
- heat
- volatile fatty acids
- breakdown of cellulose to form energy
- synthesize B vitamins and vitamin C
- produces amino acids
What happens in the reticulum
- function is to contract
- no digestive juices
- holds 13 quarts
- hardware disease is when a sharp object is swallowed and penetrates the reticulum. Animal stands pigeon tied
What happens in the omasum
- powerful muscular walls
- large absorptive capacities
- capacity 20 quarts
What happens in the abomasum
-most digestion is completed by abomasum
-has an acid pH
-capacity 20 quarts
-enzymes
Pepsin: initiates protein breakdown
Rennin: curdles milk
Gastric lipase: breakdown fat
What happens in the small intestine
-this is where all nutrients except VFA’s are absorbed into the blood
-has digestive juices
Pancreatic juices
-produced by pancreas
-trypsin: finish breakdown of protein
-amylase: breaks down starch to maltose
- lipase: breaks down fat
-intestinal juices: enzymes also produced by cells in the wall of the small intestine
What happens in the cecum
- had microorganisms
- digest fiber similar to rumen
What happens in the large intestine
- water is removed
- remainder is excreted as feces
