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Agriculture Science 100 > Chapter 4 Outline-nutrition > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Outline-nutrition Flashcards

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0
Q

Define metabolism

A

Changes which a good undergoes after absorption

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1
Q

Define digestion

A

Preparation of good for absorption

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2
Q

Define Absorption

A

Taking up of fluids or other substances by the skin, mucks, mucus surface, and absorption vessels.

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3
Q

Define assimilation

A

Transformation of good into living tissue

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4
Q

What two categories can feeds be divided into

A

Roughages and concentrates

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5
Q

Define feed

A

Substances eaten and digested that provides essential nutrients

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6
Q

Define roughages

A

Feed that is high in fiber and low in digestibility

Hay or grass-type products

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7
Q

Define concentrates

A

Low in fiber and high in digestibility

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8
Q

Define ration

A

The feed allowed an animal in a 24-hour period

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9
Q

Define a balanced ration

A

A ration that provides the nutrients in the correct amount and ratio to properly nourish an animal for a 24-hour period

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10
Q

Define nutrient

A

A group of general structures that aid in the support of life.

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11
Q

What are the six nutrients

A 
Water
Protein
Carbohydrates
Minerals 
Vitamins 
Fats
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12
Q

What are the five functions of water

A 
Dissolve and carry nutrients 
Control body temperature 
Shape of cells
Excretion of waste 
Digestive process
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13
Q

What are the two symptoms of water deficiency

A

Decrease feed intake

Decease growth

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14
Q

What are the four functions of proteins

A

Body building
Hormones
Enzymes
Hair and skin pigmentation

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15
Q

What kind of amino acids do non-ruminants need

A
  • Need specific amino acids

- Need a high quality protein containing a large variety if amino acids

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16
Q

What kind of amino acids do ruminants need

A

They do not need a wide variety of protein because they can synthesize needed amino acids through the actions of microorganisms in the rumen.

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17
Q

What are some good protein sources

A

Cottonseed meal
Soybean meal
Legume Hays
- Alfalfa Hay

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18
Q

What are three situations where protein in needed

A

Young
Pregnant
Lactating

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19
Q

What are the functions of carbohydrates

A
  • To provide energy

- Energy is used for maintenance, growth, fattening, reproduction, and lactation

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20
Q

What are the three classifications for carbohydrates

A

Monosaccharides, disaccharides, and polysaccharides

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21
Q

What are monosaccharides and give examples

A

The simplest form of carbohydrates

Glucose and fructose

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22
Q

What are disaccharides and give some examples

A

Two attached sugars

Sucrose- cane sugar
Lactose- milk sugar
Maltose- malt sugar

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23
Q

What are polysaccharides and some examples

A

Starch and cellulose

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24
Q

What is a starch

A
  • Many glucose units, energy
  • principle form of stored energy in grain
  • digest starch to glucose
  • very digestible, feeding value is relatively high
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25
Q

What is cellulose

A
  • Bulk of plant cell walls which forms the woody fibrous parts, form glucose
  • examples are roughages
  • less digestible, still forms glucose
  • yields same energy as starch, less efficient since some energy must be used in the process of digestion to break down into glucose.
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26
Q

What are three symptoms of deficiency in carbohydrates

A
  • loss of weight
  • delayed puberty and maturity
  • overall poor body condition
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27
Q

How much more energy to fats have compared to carbohydrates on an equal weight basis

A

2.25

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28
Q

Why are fats used in livestock feeds

A
  • Raises energy level in feed

- Improves flavor, texture and playability

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29
Q

What are some examples of fats

A

Vegetable oil and rendered animal fats

30
Q

Why is fat used for livestock production

A
  • marbling in meat
  • healthy hair and skin
  • forms adipose deposits
31
Q

What is a symptom of fat deficiency

A

Skin problems

32
Q

What are the two functions if minerals

A
  • regulate osmotic pressure in cells

- skeletal structure

33
Q

How many minerals are required for the body

A

15

34
Q

What vitamin is required for absorption of calcium and phosphorus

A

Vitamin D

35
Q

Where is calcium and phosphorus absorbed into the body

A
  • composition of bone

- 1% in soft tissue and blood

36
Q

What are some symptoms of calcium and phosphorus deficiency

A 
-bone problems   
Rickets 
 Osteomalacia 
-delayed blood clotting 
-irregular and delayed estrus
37
Q

Where is Ca and P found in plants

A

Ca is in leaf

P is in seed

38
Q

What are some Ca and P supplements

A
  • steamed bone meal

- Dicalcium phosphate

39
Q

What are some Ca supplements

A
  • ground limestone

- oyster shells

40
Q

What are the functions of Na, K, and Cl

A
  • regulation of osmotic pressure
  • acid-base balance
  • water metabolism
41
Q

What are se sources of Na, K, and Cl

A

NaCl salt and plants are high in K

42
Q

What are some deficiency of salt

A

Unthriftiness and loss of appetite

43
Q

What are the functions of iron

A

Healthy hemoglobin

44
Q

What are some deficiency symptoms of iron

A

Anemia, labored breathing, and baby pigs injected with iron

45
Q

What are the two types of vitamins and examples

A

Fat soluble
-A, D, E, and K

Water soluble
-B complex and C

46
Q

What are some vitamin A functions

A
  • Regulate cell metabolism
  • maintain normal epithelium
  • needed for sight
  • bone development
47
Q

What are some deficiency in vitamin A

A
  • decrease growth
  • blindness
  • respiratory and reproduction problems
48
Q

Sources of Vitamin A

A

Fish oils: cod liver and shark oil
Animal products: liver and cheese
Synthetic
Cattle can store it in liver

49
Q

What is carotene

A

2 vitamin A linked together. It is a precursor to vitamin A

50
Q

What are sources of Vitamin A

A

Green: grass, hay, and silage
Yellow: corn and carrits

51
Q

What are the functions of vitamin D

A

Absorption

52
Q

What are some deficiency symptoms of vitamin D

A
  • bone problems
  • delayed blood clotting
  • irregular and delayed estrus
53
Q

What is the sources of vitamin D

A
  • sunlight on skin
  • synthetic
  • animal products
54
Q

What are the functions of vitamin E

A
  • integrity of cells

- reproduction

55
Q

What is the source of vitamin E

A

Feed containing natural oils

56
Q

What is the function of vitamin K

A

Blood clotting

57
Q

What is the source of vitamin K

A

Forages

58
Q

What is the function of B vitamins

A

Nutrient building blocks for metabolism

59
Q

What vitamins can ruminants digest

A

Vitamin B and Vitamin C

60
Q

What are the two types of digestive systems

A

Mono gastric and ruminant

61
Q

What happens in the alimentary canal

A
  • digestion in mouth
  • prehension, bringing food to mouth
  • mastication, chewing
  • salivation, mixing food with salvia
62
Q

What happens in the esophagus

A

Bolus is formed in the mouth and swallowed

63
Q

What are the four compartments of the ruminant

A
  • rumen, paunch or fermentation vat
  • reticulum, honeycomb in appearance
  • omasum, many plies
  • abomasum, true stomach
64
Q

What happens in the rumen

A
  • storage
  • mixing
  • home for microbes
  • holds 40 to 50 gallons
65
Q

What kind of microbes are in the rumen

A

Bacteria, yeast, fungi, and protazoa

66
Q

What are the functions of the microbes

A
  • gases
  • heat
  • volatile fatty acids
  • breakdown of cellulose to form energy
  • synthesize B vitamins and vitamin C
  • produces amino acids
67
Q

What happens in the reticulum

A
  • function is to contract
  • no digestive juices
  • holds 13 quarts
  • hardware disease is when a sharp object is swallowed and penetrates the reticulum. Animal stands pigeon tied
68
Q

What happens in the omasum

A
  • powerful muscular walls
  • large absorptive capacities
  • capacity 20 quarts
69
Q

What happens in the abomasum

A

-most digestion is completed by abomasum
-has an acid pH
-capacity 20 quarts
-enzymes
Pepsin: initiates protein breakdown
Rennin: curdles milk
Gastric lipase: breakdown fat

70
Q

What happens in the small intestine

A

-this is where all nutrients except VFA’s are absorbed into the blood
-has digestive juices
Pancreatic juices
-produced by pancreas
-trypsin: finish breakdown of protein
-amylase: breaks down starch to maltose
- lipase: breaks down fat
-intestinal juices: enzymes also produced by cells in the wall of the small intestine

71
Q

What happens in the cecum

A
  • had microorganisms

- digest fiber similar to rumen

72
Q

What happens in the large intestine

A
  • water is removed

- remainder is excreted as feces

Agriculture Science 100 (12 decks)

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