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Agriculture Science 100 > Chapter 2- Animal Breeding And Genetics > Flashcards

Chapter 2- Animal Breeding And Genetics Flashcards

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0
Q

What is the genotype

A

Genetic makeup of an animal

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1
Q

What is the difference between animal breeding and animal propagation

A
  • animal breeding is increasing the quality of each generation
  • animal propagation is increasing animal numbers
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2
Q

What is the phenotype

A

The animal’s actual performance

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3
Q

What influences the phenotype

A

Depends on the genetic makeup and the effects of temperature, feed, stress, and management

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4
Q

What are cells composed of

A

-outer membrane, inner cytoplasm, and nucleus

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5
Q

What does the nucleus contain

A
  • heredity material of the cell

- controls the cell’s growth, metabolism, and reproduction

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6
Q

Where is the genetic material found

A

Chromosomes

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7
Q

What determines the animal’s genotype and what are they

A

Genes are composed of DNA and each animal has a slightly different combination

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8
Q

What is necessary to determine a given trait and where are they located

A

A pair of genes is needed to determine a given trait and they are located on the same site on homologous chromosomes

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9
Q

What is a gene

A

Heredity unit consisting of a DNA sequence at a specific location on a chromosome

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10
Q

What is an allele

A

A gene found on the same location of homologous chromosomes

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11
Q

What is homozygous.

A

When both genes at a particular location on homologous chromosomes are on the same allele or are identical

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12
Q

What is heterozygous.

A

When two alleles are a given location in homologous chromosomes are not the same

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13
Q

What is dominant

A

A gene whose effect masks the phenotypic expression of its allele, shown by capital letters

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14
Q

What is recessive

A

A gene whose expression is hidden by a dominant gene and only expresses itself when in the homozygous state, shown by lower case letter

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15
Q

What qualitative traits have modifying genes that cause minor variations in phenotype

A
  • coat color
  • honed versus pulled cattle
  • in cattle, at least nine major loci affect
    • hair color and hair pattern
    • in general, black is dominant
16
Q

What is a mutation

A

When a trait that did not exist in either parent appears

17
Q

What happens to mutations

A
  • mutated genes are passed to the offspring

- some mutations are beneficial, harmful, or little significance

18
Q

What are common causes of mutations

A
  • Exposure to various chemicals

- exposure to radiation

19
Q

What are the four systems mating

A
  • inbreeding
  • line breeding
  • outcrossing
  • cross breeding
20
Q

What is inbreeding.

A

Mating of animals that are more closely related to each other than the average relationship in a population

21
Q

What does inbreeding cause

A
  • A decrease in performance in traits such a fertility, survivability, and hybrid vigor called inbreeding depression
  • the undesirable genes tend to become more homozygous
22
Q

How can inbreeding be useful

A

-With heavy culling it increases homozygosity for the superior genes

23
Q

What happens with intensive inbreeding

A

D1- gets 50% of genes
D2- gets 75% of genes
D3- gets 87.5% of genes
D4- gets 93.75% of genes

24
Q

What is line breeding

A
  • Mating if several generations of offspring to a particular animal or it’s descendants
  • common ancestor is not as closely related as inbreeding
25
Q

What is the benefit of line breeding

A

Concentrate the superior genes of a particular family or animal

26
Q

What is outcrossing.

A

Mating of animals with no common ancestors on the immediate pedigree within a breed

27
Q

What is the benefit of outbreeding

A

It increases heterozygosity and thus, usually, hybrid vigor

28
Q

What is continuous outbreeding

A

The yearly mating of females in a population to unrelated males

29
Q

What is cross breeding

A
  • The mating of the sires of one breed to the dams of another breed
  • heterosis lasts only one generation
30
Q

What is the main reason to cross breed

A

To increase heterosis or hybrid vigor
- offspring are normally more productive and more resistant to disease and have higher survivability and fertility rates

31
Q

What is a second purpose of cross breeding

A

Primarily used for terminal crosses where the offspring will be sold

32
Q

What is a purebred animal

A

One that has two registered parents of the same breed

33
Q

What is a registered animal

A

A purebred that is recorded in the herd book of the breed

34
Q

What is a grade animal

A
  • posses the distinct characteristics of a particular breed

- at least one of its parents cannot be traced to the registry

Agriculture Science 100 (12 decks)

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