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Agriculture Science 100 > Chapter 3 Outline-Animal reproduction > Flashcards

Chapter 3 Outline-Animal reproduction Flashcards

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0
Q

What are the three parts to the male reproductive system

A
  • Testicles
  • secondary sex glands and organs
  • external copulatory organ
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1
Q

What is needed in order to measure reproductive efficiency

A
  • litter size
  • calving rate
  • days open: 3 months open for a cow to get pregnant
  • eggs hatched
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2
Q

What are the two vital functions of the testicles

A
  • production of male reproductive cells, spermatozoa or sperm.
  • production of male hormone: testosterone
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3
Q

What is the function of the testicles

A

To transport the spermatozoa from the site of formation to be deposited into the female tract

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4
Q

What does the testes consist of

A
  • epididymis
  • vas deferens
  • secondary sex glands(3 glands)
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5
Q

What are the four functions of the epididymis

A
  • transport
  • maturation
  • storage
  • concentrates sperm: 4 billion per mL
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6
Q

What is the function of the vas deferens

A

Transport

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7
Q

What is the function if then glands and what are the three different glands

A

Glands produce bulk of fluid

  • seminal vesicles
  • Cowper’s glands
  • prostate gland
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8
Q

What is the process that the external copulation organ goes through

A

-during excitation
Sigmoid flexure: must straighten to mate female, S shaped curve of the penis
-following copulation
Retractor penis muscle: takes penis back in for protection

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9
Q

Where do the testes need to be at the right temperature

A

The scrotum

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10
Q

What happens in the scrotum

A

-spermatogenesis: process of taking a round cell to a sperm, takes 6-8 weeks, required cooler temperature

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11
Q

What is the function of the Inguinal canal

A

Small opening in the body cavity where the testes descend through to reach the scrotum

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12
Q

What is cryptorchidism.

A 
This is when 1 or both testes don't descend into scrotum and it is a genetically tied trait. 
     -One testes- unilateral
      Reproductively impaired 
     -two testes- bilateral
      Sterile
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13
Q

When do the female and male reproductive systems become functional

A

They do not become functional until puberty- age at sexual maturity

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14
Q

How is puberty defined in the male

A
  • the ability to produce viable sperm and a desire to mate

- influenced by the hormone, testosterone

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15
Q

What does follicle stimulating hormone (FSH) function and where does it come from

A
  • released by the anterior pituitary

- required for spermatogenesis(sperm production)

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16
Q

What does luteinizing hormone (LH) do and where does it come from

A
  • released by the anterior pituitary

- stimulates the production of testosterone by the testes

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17
Q

Explain puberty in females

A
  • 1 month of age: follicles start to appear on the ovaries
  • estrous cycle: 5 to 14 months of age( depends on species)
  • age at which puberty occurs varies with the species and breed
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18
Q

What happens at first estrus

A

-first estrus sometimes produces no egg
-estrus is caused by the hormone estrogen and influenced by:
Weight, age, and body fat
-acceptance of the male
-occurrence of ovulation

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19
Q

What is the percent body weight in which puberty occurs for dairy cattle, beef cattle, and sheep

A
  • Dairy cattle- 30 to 40% of adult weight
  • Beef cattle- 45 to 55% of adult weight
  • Sheep- 40 to 50% of adult weight
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20
Q

What is the function of the ovaries

A
  • produce ovum or egg

- produce hormones( estrogen and progesterone)

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21
Q

What are the ovaries homologous with

A
  • the male testes

- they remain in the body cavity near the kidneys and do not descend

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22
Q

What does monotocous mean and give some examples

A

It means to give birth to one young at each gestation period
- one ovum is produced each estrous cycle

Ex: cow, mare, and ewe

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23
Q

What does polytocous mean and give an example

A

-litter bearing animals
The sow:
the female produces 10 to 25 ova in each cycle and gives birth to several young each gestation period

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24
Q

What tissue produces the ovum and where is it located

A
  • The functional layer is the parenchyma
  • it contains the ovarian follicles and the cells that produce the ovarian hormones
  • near the surface of the ovary
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25
Q

What happens to the follicle following different stages of puberty

A

-the follicle becomes the mature ovum (Graafian follicle)
Follicle has fluid and contains ova: looks like blister
-produces estrogen which must be elevated to show heat

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26
Q

What is the Graafian Follicle

A
  • looks like a blister on the ovary
  • is caused by follicle stimulating hormone (FHS) from the anterior pituitary gland
  • FHS causes follicle to enlarge
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27
Q

What hormone does the pituitary produce and what is it’s function

A

It produces LH which causes a rupture (ovulation) of this follicle and a release of an ovum (egg)

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28
Q

What happens immediately after ovulation

A

The cavity left by the vacated ovum now becomes the corpus luteum (CL)

29
Q

What hormone does the corpus luteum produce and what is it’s function

A

It produces progesterone

   - suppresses further heats(estruses)
   - important for maintaining a pregnancy
30
Q

What happens if fertilization does not occur

A

Prostaglandin (PGF2alpha) will be released from the uterus causing a regression of the CL

31
Q

If fertilization occurs where does the fertilized egg go

A

It travels to the Fallopian tube that functions as a passageway and fertilization

32
Q

What are the three parts of the Fallopian tube and it’s functions

A
  1. Infundibulum- picks up ovum
  2. Ampulla- place of fertilization
  3. Isthmus- joins with the uterine horns
33
Q

What are the functions of the uterus

A
  • passage way for the sperm cells
  • incubator
  • nutrients
34
Q

What is the structure of the uterus

A
  • two horns and one body
  • broad ligament
  • caruncles
  • cotyledons
  • placentomes
35
Q

What is the function of the braid ligament

A

Supports the uterus and reproductive system. Attached to the pelvic girdle and uterus. Can herniate when stretches with several offspring

36
Q

What are caruncles and where do they come from

A

They are projections off the uterus in: cattle, goats, and sheep.

37
Q

What are cotyledons and where do they come from

A

Attaches to caruncles. Form snap over caruncles

38
Q

What are placentomes.

A

They are between caruncles and cotyledons. Where blood vessels feed dam and fetus, makes umbilical cord.

39
Q

What is the function of the cervix

A
  • passageway for sperm cells
  • seals off the uterus

During pregnancy:

  • mucus plug
  • dilates when she gets ready to give birth mucus plug liquified, cervix will dilate and mucus plug releases
40
Q

What is the function of the vagina

A
  • copulatory organ of the female

- mucus secretion

41
Q

What is the vulva and the function of the vulva

A

It is the external opening of the reproductive tract

Functions:

  • passage of urine
  • opening for mating
  • terminal portion of the birth canal
42
Q

What is the difference between estrous and estrus

A
  • Estrous is the time between one heat to the next

- estrus is the time that the animal is in heat

43
Q

What is the estrus cycle for a cow, mare, ewe, and sow

A

Cow- 12 to 18 hours
Mare- 2 to 12 days
Ewe- 24 to 36 hours
Sow- 48 to 72 hours

44
Q

What is the estrous cycle for a cow, mare, ewe, sow, and doe

A 
Cow- 21 days
Mare- 18 to 25 days
Ewe- 16 to 17 days 
Sow- 20 to 21 days 
Doe- 17 days
45
Q

What are some visual signs of pre-estrus

A
  • swelling and redness of vulva
  • restlessness
  • standing for the male
46
Q

What is gestation and what is it for a cow, ewe/doe, mare, and sow

A 
The period of pregnancy
Cow- 9 months
Ewe/doe- 5 months, 5 days
Mare- 11 months 
Sow- 3 months, 3 weeks, 3 days
47
Q

What does diagnosing pregnancy early allow for

A

Managing nutritional demands of gestation and lactation, as well as for rebreeding

48
Q

What is the most common method for pregnancy diagnosis

A

Rectal palpating for large animals only

- palpating is done by inserting the arm into the rectum and feeling the reproductive tract for pregnancy

49
Q

What are pregnancy diagnosing tools for small farm animals

A
  • x-rays, however, much too costly
  • Ultrasound
  • Hormones: milk, blood, urine, and perhaps saliva
50
Q

What is the first stage of birth

A

Dilation of the cervix and the positioning of the fetus in the birth canal

51
Q

How long does the first stage take for a cow and ewe, mare, and sow

A

Cow and ewe- 2 to 6 hours
Mare- 1 to 4 hours
Sow- up to 12 hours

52
Q

What is the second stage of parturition

A

Expulsion of the fetus which is usually very quick

53
Q

How long does the second stage take for cows and ewes and mares

A

Cows and ewes- less than 2 hours

Mares- 15 to 20 minutes

54
Q

What is the third stage of parturition

A

Expulsion of the placenta

55
Q

What are signs of parturition

A
  • udder development
  • relaxation of the pelvis
  • distention of the teats
  • mucus discharge from the vulva
56
Q

What does the hormone, relaxin, do during parturition

A

It comes from the corpus luteum and placenta

  - dilation of cervix
  - relaxation of pelvis
57
Q

What does the hormone, estrogen, do during parturition

A

Estrogen comes from the placenta

  • opens birth canal
  • starts early uterine contractions
58
Q

What does the hormone oxytocin do during parturition

A

Oxytocin is stored in the posterior pituitary

  • begins bigger uterine contractions
  • milk let down( must stimulate teats)
59
Q

What are some early labor signs

A
  • uneasy
  • restless
  • separates from herd
  • only assist if animal is weak
60
Q

What is normal calf presentation

A
  • front feet first with head between legs
  • hoof pointing downward
  • amniotic fluid used as lubricant
61
Q

What is abnormal calf presentation

A
  • beach birth

- abnormally large calf

62
Q

Explain care of the newborn

A
  • cleaned by the dam
  • dip in the navel cord
  • colostrum: first milk the is yellow and thick
    - gives antibodies
    - gives energy
    - minerals and vitamins(vitamin A)
63
Q

What is artificial insemination

A

The introduction of sperm into the female reproductive tract by other than natural methods

64
Q

How is semen collected

A
  • artificial vagina

- electroejaculator

65
Q

Where is semen stored

A
  • In ampoules or plastic straws

- In liquid nitrogen

66
Q

What are advantages of AI

A
  • eliminates cost of buying bulls
  • use of outstanding sires for a reasonable price
  • more accurate evaluation of AI bull’s breeding ability
  • better heard health: prevents disease from transferring from bull to cow
67
Q

What are disadvantages of AI

A
  • increased labor cost
  • conception rates may be lower compared to live mating
  • skilled inseminators
68
Q

What are fertility testing in bulls

A

-bulls should be sound and not have any critical defects

69
Q

How should a bull’s semen be

A
  • motility
  • concentration
  • percent of live semen
  • structural normality
70
Q

What is estrus synchronization

A

-hormone therapy so that all animals come into heat at the same time

71
Q

What are they reasons for synchronization

A
  • AI is more practical
  • breeding season is reduced
  • calf drop is more uniform
  • calving season is shorter
  • reduced number of bulls

Agriculture Science 100 (12 decks)

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