Chapter 5 System 8 Digestive and 9 Excretory

Question 1

Absorption

Answer 1

Is the process in which the digested nutrients are transferred from the intestines to the blood or lymph vessels

Question 2

Alimentary canal

Answer 2

Aka gastrointestinal or digestive tract

Consists of the mouth, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestine

A muscular tube that is 5x as long as a person is tall

Lips to anus

Question 3

Accessory digestive organs

Answer 3

Consists of the teeth, tongue, salivary glands, pancreas, liver, and gallbladder

Question 4

Oral cavity

Answer 4

Or mouth, prepares food for entrance into the stomach

Question 5

The main functions of the digestive system are ____ and ____.

Answer 5

Digestion and absorption

Question 6

Saliva

Answer 6

Produced by the salivary glands in the mouth and contains enzymes that begin to digest carbohydrates

Question 7

Masticated

Answer 7

Chewing food

Question 8

Bolus

Answer 8

The action of the teeth, tongue, and saliva prepared the food into a soft ball

Question 9

The wall of the alimentary canal consists of what four distant layers?

Answer 9

Mucosa

Submucosa

Muscular layer

Serous layer

Question 10

Mucosa

Answer 10

Innermost layer

Or mucous membrane, is made up of epithelial cells, connective tissue, and a variety of digestive glands.

This layer protects the underlying tissues and functions to carry on secretion and absorption

Question 11

Submucosa

Answer 11

Second innermost layer

Consists of connective tissue, nerves, blood vessels, and lymph vessels that serve to nourish the surrounding tissue and carry away absorbed material

Question 12

Muscular layer

Answer 12

3rd innermost layer

Has two layers of smooth muscles
One layer decreases the diameter
The other shortens the length

Question 13

Serous layer

Answer 13

Outermost layer

On the stomach and intestines

This layer is continuous with the peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity

Question 14

Perstalsis

Answer 14

Is the wavelike muscular action of the alimentary canal

Question 15

Digestion

Answer 15

Is the process of converting food into substances capable of being used by the cells for nourishment

Question 16

Chyme

Answer 16

The mixture of digestive juices, mucus, and food material

Question 17

Stomach

Answer 17

Where the bolus is churned with gastric juices secretes from glands in the wall of the stomach.

Hydrochloric acid
Protein digesting enzymes

Question 18

Pyloric sphincter ***

Answer 18

Determines how long food is held in the stomach

voluntary muscle

Question 19

Small intestine

Answer 19

Is the longest part of the alimentary canal

Duodenum
Jejunum
Ileum

Thousands of glands in the walls produce intestinal juices

Also secretions of bile from the liver and pancreatic fluids

Question 20

Bile

Answer 20

A bitter, alkaline, yellowish-brown fluid

From the liver and gallbladder is carried through the common bile duct

Essential for the break down of fats

Question 21

Pancreatic fluid

Answer 21

Enters the duodenum by way of the pancreatic duct

Contains enzymes that act to digest proteins, carbohydrates, and fats

Question 22

Villi

Answer 22

The small intestine is lined with small, fingerlike projections covering the intestine wall

Greatly increase the surface area available for absorption

Question 23

Lacteals

Answer 23

Network of blood capillaries and lymph

Question 24

Cisterna chyli and the thoracic duct

Answer 24

Nutrients absorbed by the lymph flow through the cisterna chyli and the thoracic duct before entering the systemic circulation

Question 25

The functions of the colon

Answer 25

Storing, forming, and excreting waste products of digestion and regulating the body's water balance The bacterial action in the colon also synthesizes some B-complex vitamins and vitamin K, which is reabsorb we into the bloodstream

Question 26

Saliva Salivary glands

Answer 26

Mouth Enzymes; salivary, amylase Begins digestion of starch into simple sugars

Question 27

Gastric juice | Stomach

Answer 27

Stomach wall Pepsin Begins digestion of protein into amino acids

Question 28

Pancreatic juice | Pancreas

Answer 28

Small intestine Enzymes; Amylase, Trypsin, Lipase Starches, proteins, fats

Question 29

Juice from small intestine

Answer 29

Small intestine Enzymes; lactase, maltase, sucrase Breaks down complex carbohydrates to simple sugars

Question 30

Bile from liver

Answer 30

Small intestine No enzymes Breaks down fats into fatty acids

Question 31

The path food travels

Answer 31

``` Mouth (bolus)- esophagus- cardiac sphincter- stomach (chyme)- pyloric sphincter- duodenum- jejunum- ileum- iliocecal valve- cecum- ascending colon- transverse colon- descending colon- sigmoid colon- rectum- anal canal- anus ```

Question 32

Metabolic waste

Answer 32

Are products formed from cell metabolism

Question 33

The function of the excretory system (including the urinary system)

Answer 33

Is to eliminate or excrete metabolic wastes and undigested food from the body

Question 34

The organs of the excretory system are

Answer 34

The kidneys, liver, skin, | large intestine, and lungs

Question 35

Kidneys

Answer 35

Excrete uric acid, urea, electrolytes, water, and other wastes through the process of urination Beaned shaped organs Blood filtration maintain the body's water balance and acid-base balance production of the hormone Renin

Question 36

Liver

Answer 36

Produces urea, which is returned to the blood to be excreted by the kidneys Also discharges bile through the gallbladder and into the intestine one of the largest organs of the digestive track neutralizes or detoxifies toxic substances stores vitamins A, B, B12, and glycogen main excretory function is in the form of urea

Question 37

Skin

Answer 37

Eliminates water and heat through the process of perspiration

Question 38

Large intestine

Answer 38

Discharges food wastes through the process of defecation

Question 39

Lungs

Answer 39

Exhale carbon dioxide and water vapor through external respiration

Question 40

The urinary system includes

Answer 40

2 kidneys, two ureters, the bladder, and a urethra

Question 41

Nephron

Answer 41

Is the functional unit of the kidney 2-3 million nephrons in the kidney Filters 40-50 gallons of blood 99% of the fluid is reabsorbed into the bloodstream

Question 42

Ureters

Answer 42

Are tubes that carry urine from the kidneys to the bladder

Question 43

Bladder

Answer 43

Where the urine is stored A hollow organ that is an involuntary muscles Can hold a pint of urine

Question 44

Renin

Answer 44

a hormone produced by the kidney acts to regulate the blood pressure