Chapter 5 System 5 Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Nerve fibers

A

Projections from the body of the nerve cell that carry nervous impulses

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2
Q

Dendrites

A

Connect with other neurons to receive information

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3
Q

Axon

A

Conducts impulses away from the cell body

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4
Q

Synapse

A

The junction where nerve signals jump from one nerve to another

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5
Q

Neurotransmitter

A

Is a chemical that sends a nerve signal across a synapse

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6
Q

Sensory neuron

A

Carries impulses from sense organs to the brain

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7
Q

Motor neuron

A

Carries nerve impulses from the brain to the effectors

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8
Q

Interneuron

A

Carries impulses from one neuron to another

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9
Q

Myelin sheath

A

Covers the axons of most nerves.
Made of fatty Schwann cells.
Insulates the nerve and aids in the conduction of the nerve impulse.

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10
Q

Neurons have the ability to react to certain stimuli (____) and to transmit an impulse generated by that stimulus over a distance or to another neuron (____).

A

Irritability

Conduct ability

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11
Q

Functionally, what are the three types of neurons?

A

Sensory / afferent neurons

Motor / efferent neurons

Interneurons / internuncial neurons

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12
Q

Sensory / afferent neurons

A

Sensations of touch, cold, heat, sight, hearing, taste, or pain are carried as impulses to the brain

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13
Q

Motor / efferent neuron

A

Carry nerve impulses from the brain to the effectors (the muscles or glands they control).

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14
Q

Interneurons / internuncial neurons

A

Located in the brain and spinal cord.
Carries impulses from one neuron to another.
Transmit and direct impulses from one place in the spinal cord or brain to another

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15
Q

Nerves

A

Are bundles of fibers held together by connective tissue that originate in the brain and spinal cord and distribute branches all over the body

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16
Q

Afferent nerves

A

Carry impulses toward the spinal cord or brain

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17
Q

Central nervous system

A

Consists of the brain and spinal cord

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18
Q

Meninges

A

A special connective tissue membrane that covers the CNS incased by bone

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19
Q

Meningitis

A

Is an acute inflammation of the pia mater and arachnoid mater around the brain and spinal cord

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20
Q

The three layers to meninges

A

Dura mater -outer -tough mother

Arachnoid mater -middle -spider layer

Pia mater - innermost -delicate mother

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21
Q

The primary function of the nervous system is to…

A

Collect a multitude of sensory information;
Process, interpret, and integrate that information;
Initiate appropriate responses throughout the body

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22
Q

The nervous system is composed of…

A

the brain, spinal cord, and peripheral nerves

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23
Q

Cerebrospinal fluid

A

Flows through and around the brain and spinal cord to nourish and protect them.

Main function is to protect the CNS by acting as a shock absorber for the delicate tissue

A clear fluid derived from the blood and secreted into the inner cavities or ventricles of the brain

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24
Q

The brain

A

The principal nerve center

Body’s largest and most complex nerve tissue

Containing in excess of 10 billion neurons and innumerable nerve fibers

Located in and protected by the cranium

Controls sensations, muscles, glandular activity, power to think and feel emotion

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25
The brain includes... (4)
1. Cerebrum 2. Cerebellum 3. Diencephalon 4. Brain stem
26
Cerebrum
Largest portion, making up the front and top of the brain Mental activity; speech, sensations, communication, memory, reasoning, will, emotions Divided by a central fissure into left and right cerebral hemispheres. Which is connected by bundles of nerve fibers called the corpus callosum. Provides communication between left and right hemispheres
27
The functions of the nervous system (4)
1. To rule the body by controlling all visible and invisible activities 2. To control human thought and conduct 3. To govern all internal and external movements of the body 4. To give the power to see, hear, move, talk, feel, think, and remember
28
Neuron / nerve cell
Is the structural unit of the nervous system
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Cerebellum
Smaller part of the brain Located below the cerebrum and at the back of the cranium Helps to maintain body balance, coordinates voluntary muscles, makes muscular movement smooth and graceful
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Diencephalon
Includes the hypothalamus, thalamus, and pineal and pituitary glands Located in the center of the brain The pituitary gland is considered to be the master gland because it's hormones control other endocrine glands
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Pituitary gland
Considered to be the master gland because it's hormones control other endocrine glands Located at the base of the brain in the sella turcica of the sphenoid bone
31
Brain stem
Has three parts; midbrain, the pons, and the medulla oblongata these contain intricate masses of nerve fibers that relay and transmit impulses from one portion of the brain to another Midbrain; contains the main nerve pathways connecting the cerebrum with the lower nervous system The pons; between midbrain and medulla oblongata. relays nerve impulses between cerebrum - medulla and cerebrum - cerebellum Medulla; is an enlarged continuation of the spinal cord that extends from the foramen magnum to the pons and connects the brain to the spinal cord. Regulates movement of the heart and controls vasoconstriction of the arteries, also the depth and rate of respiration
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Spinal cord
Extends downward from the brain and is housed in and protected by the vertebral column Consists of 31 segments
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Peripheral nervous system
Consists of all the nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body
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Autonomic nervous system
Regulates the action of glands, smooth muscles, and the heart
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Somatic nervous system
Consists of the nerves that connect the CNS to the voluntary muscles and skin
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Cranial nerves
12 pairs of nerves that emerge from the brain through openings in the base of the cranium
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Cervical plexus
Consists of the four upper cervical nerves that supply the skin and control the movement of the head, neck, and shoulders
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Brachial plexus
Is composed of four lower cervical nerves and the first pair of thoracic nerves that control arm movements
39
Lumbar plexus
Is formed from the first four lumbar nerves
40
Sacral plexus
Is formed from the fourth and fifth lumbar nerves, and the first four sacral nerves
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Sciatic nerve
Is the largest and longest nerve in the body
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Olfactory nerve
Sensory nerve Nose Sense of smell
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1. Only 2. Old 3. Ostriches 4. Tip 5. Toe 7. Fresh 8. Acres 9. Giving 10. Vast 11. Amounts 12. Hope
``` Olfactory Optic Oculomotor Trochlear Trigeminal or trifacial Abducent Facial Acoustic Glossipharyngeal Vagus Accessory "spinal" Hypoglossal ```
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Optic nerve
Sensory nerve Retina of eye Sense of sight
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Oculomotor nerve
Motor and sensory (proprioceptive) nerve Muscles of eye Controls eye movements
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Trochlear nerve
Motor and sensory (proprioceptive) nerve Superior oblique muscle of the eye Rotates eyeball downward and outward
47
Trigeminal or trifacial nerve
Motor and sensory nerve Face, teeth, and tongue Controls sensations of the face and movements of the jaw and tongue
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Abducent nerve
Motor and sensory (proprioceptive) nerve Recti muscles of the eye Rotates eyeball outward
49
Facial nerve
Motor and sensory nerve face and neck Controls facial muscles of expression and some muscles of the neck and ear
50
Acoustic or auditory nerve
Sensory nerve Ear Sense of hearing
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Glossopharyngeal nerve
Motor and sensory nerve Tongue and pharynx Sense of taste
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Vagus or pneumogastric nerve
Motor and sensory nerve Pharynx, larynx, heart, lungs, and digestive organs Controls sensations and muscular movements relating to talking, heart action, breathing, and digestion
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Spinal Accessory nerve
Motor nerve Shoulder Controls movements of neck muscles
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Hypoglossal nerve
Motor nerve Tongue and neck Controls movements of the tongue
55
dermatoma
is an area of the skin supplied by nerve fibers originating from a single spinal nerve root
56
sensory receptors can be characterized as...(5)
``` mechanoreceptors thermoreceptors photoreceptors chemoreceptors nociceptors ```
57
mechanoreceptors
respond to mechanical stimulation or tissue distortion such as touch, pressure, vibration, and stretch. In the skin; ruffini end organs, pacini corpuscles, merkel disks Proprioceptors located in the muscles, fascia, and joints. (Spindle cells and Golgi tendon organs)
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thermoreceptors
Located in the skin and and in the mouth. Two types of thermoreceptors detect heat and cold
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chemoreceptors
Located in the mouth and nose Are sensitive to certain chemical stimuli and gives us the sense of smell and taste
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photoreceptors
Two types of photoreceptors Located in the retina of the eyes, rods, and cones are sensitive to light and detect color They give us the ability to see color and form
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nocireceptors
Detect pain and are located in nearly every tissue in the body except the brain They respond to extreme stimuli and tissue damage Serve as a protective function by informing us that when something is wrong, it hurts
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autonomic nervous system
Regulates the action of glands, smooth muscles, and the heart Circulation of blood, activity of digestion tract, respiration, and body temperature Involuntary Subdivided into... Sympathetic system excited Parasympathetic system inhibits
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sympathetic nervous system
Supplies the glands, involuntary muscles of internal organs, and walls of blood vessels with nerves and prepares the body for energy expending circumstances Energy expending, stressful, or emergency situations Increased respiration, dilated pupils, and increased heart rate and cardiac output
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parasympathetic nervous system
Functions to conserve energy and reverse the action of the sympathetic division Calm, in a state of relaxation Reduced heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure, and increased digestion and elimination
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neurologic pathway
Is the route that a nerve impulse travels through the nervous system
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reflex
Is the simplest form of nervous activity, which includes a sensory and motor nerve
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reflex arc
Is the nerve pathway of a reflex
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Withdrawal reflex / flexor reflex
Occurs when a person touches something sharp or hit and immediately pulls away, thereby preventing excessive injury Automatic, unconscious, involuntary
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exteroceptors
Record conscious sensations such as heat, cold, pain, and pressure throughout the body
70
the areas of the body that are particularly sensitive to reflex influences are...(5)
1. The skin of the back between the shoulders 2. The side of the chest between the fourth and sixth ribs 3. The skin at the upper and inner portion of the though 4. The skin overlying the gluteal muscles 5. The sole of the foot
71
proprioceptors
Sense where the body is and how it moves System of sensory and motor nerve activity that provides info to the CNS about the position and rate of movement of different body parts Located in the muscle, tendons, joints, or fascia. Three major categories of proprioceptors are; Muscle spindle cells Golgi tendon organs Joint proprioceptors
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muscle spindle cells
Sensory organs in muscle that detect the rate of stretch in muscles Made up of a specialized contractile tissue called intrafusal muscle fibers
73
golgi tendon ograns
Are multibranched sensory nerve endings located in tendons Measure the amount of tension produced in muscle cells as a result of the muscles stretching and contracting Also monitor the amount of force pulling on the bone to which the tendon attaches
74
What are the two main types of joint proprioceptors?
Pacini's corpuscles Ruffini's endings These are mechanoreceptors located in the connective tissue or fascia surrounding the joints that sense the position and movements of the joints
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Neurologic disorders
Disease of the nervous system. Birth defects, trauma, or degenerative disease Infection, blood clots, tumors, or hemorrhage
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multiple sclerosis
Occurs in young adults and results from the breakdown of the myelin sheath Is a degenerative nerve disease that affects the body's ability to control the muscles Symptoms include muscle weakness, spasticity, loss of coordination or balance, loss of bladder control
77
parkinson's disease
Occurs as a result of the degeneration of certain nerve tissues that regulate body movements Degeneration of an area of the cerebrum that produces the neurotransmitter dopamine Massage is useful to maintain flexibility, relax muscles, and relieve anxiety and depression
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amyotrophic lateral sclerosis ALS Aka Lou Gehrig's disease
Progressive and eventually fatal neurological condition that causes the motor neurons of the brain and spinal cord to degenerate and die, causing weakness, spasticity, and atrophy of the voluntary muscles Affects 2x as many men as women Weakness or twitching of a leg, arm, or hand or slurred speech 3-5 years 50% death rate 10 years 90% death rate Only attacks the motor neuron and does not affect the intelligence, memory, or personality, or the ability to taste, smell, and hear or the sense of touch Massage can provide a great amount of comfort and relief
79
spinal cord injury | SCI
Is caused by trauma or disease to the vertebral column or to the spinal cord itself Complete injury; when there is no motor or sensory function below the injury level Incomplete; when not all the spinal nerve fibers are affected and there is still some function
80
quadriplegia or tetraplegia
Is paralysis of the arms and legs caused by a stroke or spinal cord injury C-1 through T-1
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paraplegia
Paralysis of the lower extremities; does not affect the arms or hands T-2 through S-5
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skin brushing
A light, brisk brushing using a dry vegetable bristle bath brush Can help to reduce edema and improve the quality of the skin
83
cerebrovascular accident / stroke
Is caused by a blood clot or ruptured blood vessel in or around the brain that subsequently destroys nerve tissue 3rd leading cause of death in USA
84
hemiplegia
Is the condition of unilateral paralysis caused by a stroke Contraindicated
85
epilepsy
Is a neurologic condition in which there is an abnormal electrical activity in the CNS without apparent tissue abnormalities Indicated for someone with a history of seizure disorder
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polio / poliomyelitis
Is a crippling or even deadly disease that affects the motor neurons of the medulla oblongata and spinal cord Indicated with physician
87
encephalitis
Refers to several related viral diseases that cause an inflammation of the brain or the meninges Carried by animals or birds, mosquito bite, or it can arise as a secondary infection from measles, mumps, or chickenpox
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meningitis
Is an acute inflammation of the pia and arachnoid mater around the brain and spinal cord. Is often a secondary infection from bacteria traveling from the middle ear, respiratory tract, lungs, or sinuses Contraindicated during acute and active stages
89
shingles
Is an acute inflammation of a nerve trunk and the dendrites at the end of the sensory neurons by the herpes zoster virus Contraindicated because of the risk of infection
90
neuritis
Inflammation of a nerve Not a disease but a symptom of some other condition such as a herniated disk, herpes zoster, or diabetes mellitus. Affects the nerves of the peripheral nervous system
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thoracic outlet syndrome | TOS
Is caused by a compression or entrapment of the brachial nerve plexus and/or blood vessels going to or from the arm Results in pain, paresthesia, numbness, and/or weakness in the shoulder, neck, and arm Indicated if caused by muscle
92
carpal tunnel syndrome
Is the result of compression of the median nerve as it passes through the anatomical tunnel of the wrist, causing pain and weakness in the thumb and/or first three fingers Repetitive stress injury
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Neuralgia
Pain associated with neuritis
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Polyneuritis
Generalized neuritis affecting several nerves
95
Mononeuritis
Neuritis affects a specific nerve
96
Pinched nerve
Can refer to any of a wide variety of conditions in which pressure on a nerve is responsible for pain, numbness, or a reduction of function Could be a result of nerve compression or nerve entrapment Indicated to relieve the constriction of soft tissue