Chapter 5 System 3 Muscular System

Question 1

muscles comprise what % of body weight?

Answer 1

40% - 60%

Question 2

elasticity

Answer 2

The tissues ability to return to normal resting length when a stress that has been placed on it is removed

Question 3

extensibility

Answer 3

Is the ability of a muscle to stretch

Question 4

irritability

Answer 4

Or excitability, is the capacity of muscles to receive and react to stimuli

Question 5

which cells produce nearly all the movement in the body?

Answer 5

Muscle cells

Question 6

Contractility

Answer 6

Is the ability of a muscle to contract or shorten and thereby exert force

Question 7

superficial fascia

Answer 7

Situated just below the skin and covers the entire muscular system

Question 8

deep fascia

Answer 8

The fascia penetrates to the bone, separating muscle groups and covering individual muscles

Question 9

skeletal muscle

Answer 9

Striated and voluntary CNS (central nervous system)Cigar shapedMakes up fleshy areas of the body Attached to the skeleton, and are in turn fastened to the bones, skin, or other muscles

Question 10

smooth muscle

Answer 10

Visceral Smooth and involuntary ANS (autonomic nervous system) Spindle shaped, nonstriated cells that overlap at the ends Doesn’t attach to boneSlow actingCan maintain a contraction for a long time Doesn’t fatigue easily

Question 11

cardiac muscle

Answer 11

Found only in the heart Striated and involuntaryCells are quadrangular, joined end to end, and grouped in bundles supported by a frame work of connective tissue

Question 12

Are muscle cells multinucleated?

Answer 12

Yes, a single cell can have hundreds of nuclei distributed just beneath the cell membrane. These nuclei produce the enzymes and proteins necessary in muscle contraction

Question 13

spindle cells

Answer 13

Specialized muscle cells that have both sensory and motor functions are essential for muscle control and coordination.
Located in the belly of a muscle, alert the CNS as to the length, stretch, and speed of the muscle

Question 14

how long can ATP sustain a contraction?

Answer 14

There is only enough ATP stored in the muscle cells to sustain a contraction for a few seconds. Within a fraction of a second, ADP is reconstituted into ATP in one of several ways

Question 15

how many muscles are in the body?

Answer 15

Over 600 muscles, large and small

Question 16

what are the 4 characteristics of muscles?***

Answer 16

ICEE
Irritability or excitability. Contractility.
Elasticity.
Extensibility.

Question 17

endomyium

Answer 17

Within the fascicle, each muscle fiber has a delicate connective tissue covering Maintains its parallel position with other cells

Question 18

tendon

Answer 18

Fibrous connective tissue bands that attach muscle to bone

Question 19

ligament

Answer 19

Bands of fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones

Question 20

neuromuscular junction

Answer 20

Myoneural junctionThe site where the muscle fiber and nerve fiber meet

Question 21

sarcomere

Answer 21

The smallest functional unit of the muscle cell containing the actin and myosin filaments A band (dark, thick myosin filament)-M line-H zone-overlap zoneI band (light, thin actin filaments)-Z line

Question 22

muscle fatigue

Answer 22

Is a condition in which the muscle ceases to respond because of oxygen debt from rapid or prolonged muscle contractions

Question 23

muscle fibers types (I, II)

Answer 23

Type I.
Slow twitch Slow to fatigue Slow contraction Lots of mitochondriaLots of myoglobinPostural musclesType IIFast twitchFast to fatigueFast contractions (5x-10x faster)Little mitochondriaLittle myoglobinArms, legs, shoulders***chicken white breast meat

Question 24

white breast meat of chicken, which fibers of muscle make it up?

Answer 24

Type II fibers

Question 25

phasic muscle

Answer 25

Contains a higher proportion of type II fibersUsed for quick, infrequent, powerful movementMovers

Question 26

postural muscle

Answer 26

Contains a higher proportion of type I fibersStabilizersSupport the body against gravity. Slower to respond to stimulation Slower to fatigue

Question 27

origin and insertion

Answer 27

Origin of a muscle is the point where the end of a muscle is anchored to an immovable section of the skeleton.Insertion of a muscle is the more movable attachment of a muscle to bone.

Question 28

isometric contraction

Answer 28

Occurs when a muscle contracts and the ends of the muscle do not move

Question 29

isotonic contraction

Answer 29

Occurs when a muscle contracts and the distance between the ends of the muscle changes Concentric or eccentric

Question 30

concentric

Answer 30

In an isotonic contraction the distance between the ends of the muscle decreases

Question 31

eccentric

Answer 31

In an isotonic contraction the distance between the ends of muscle increases

Question 32

what muscle action occurs when you do a push up?

Answer 32

As you push up, the loaded muscles shorten, and is a concentric contractionAs you lower yourself to the floor , the loaded muscles are getting longer and is an eccentric contraction

Question 33

agonist

Answer 33

A prime moverThe primary muscle responsible for a specific movement

Question 34

antagonist

Answer 34

The muscle that performs the opposite movement of the agonist

Question 35

synergist

Answer 35

Muscles that assist the agonist

Question 36

Clonic

Answer 36

When spasms alternate between contraction and relaxation

Question 37

spasm

Answer 37

Most common muscle dysfunction Is a sudden involuntary contraction of a muscle or a group of muscles. Vary in duration and intensityCan affect any muscle tissue (vol., invol., card.)I.e. Cramps, hiccups, tics, fast face twitches, torticollis, Charlie horse, convulsions, muscle splinting.

Question 38

Tonic

Answer 38

When spasms are sustained

Question 39

massaging over charlie horses

Answer 39

Massage directly on the site of an acute cramp or Charlie horse is contraindicated

Question 40

sprain

Answer 40

is an injury to a joint that results in the stretching or tearing of the ligaments but not severe enough to cause a dislocation

Question 41

strain

Answer 41

also called torn or pulled musclemost common injury to musclecontraindicated during the acute stages of muscle strain

Question 42

where do the majority of muscle strains occur?

Answer 42

80% of muscle strains occur in the muscle belly or at the junction between the muscle and the tendon (musculotendinous junction)

Question 43

hypertrophy

Answer 43

is an enlargement of the breadth of a muscle as a result of repeated forceful muscle activity

Question 44

contractures

Answer 44

are shortened, contracted muscles or muscle groups in which the muscle atrophies and shrinks while the connective tissue thickens.related to immobility or severe nerve damagemessage is beneficial in the early stages along with regular stretching

Question 45

Sarcolemma

Answer 45

Is the cell wall of the muscle cell

Question 46

fibromyalgia syndrome

Answer 46

characterized by pain, fatigue, and stiffness in the connective tissue of the muscles, tendons, and ligaments. associated with stress, poor sleep habits, and occupational or recreational strain.more prevalent in women.massage to desensitize trigger points and range of motion exercises are beneficialmassage should be gentle and done with great consideration of the condition.work in conjunction with clients physician

Question 47

Myosin

Answer 47

ThickA protein that forms filamentsMakes up nearly 50% of muscle tissue Involved in muscle contraction

Question 48

lupus erythematosus

Answer 48

is a chronic inflammatory disease of the connective tissue that can affect many body tissues and organs.autoimmune disorder that causes blood vessel inflammation, organ dysfunction, and arthritis.massage may be given only under the supervision of a physician

Question 49

Actin

Answer 49

ThinA protein that forms a filamentInteracts with myosin to cause muscle contractions

Question 50

transverse tubules

Answer 50

a system of channels within the muscle cell containing extracellular fluid that helps transmit nerve impulses throughout the cell

Question 51

sacroplasmic reticulum

Answer 51

is a network of membranous channels within the muscle cell that release calcium ions, causing muscle contraction

Question 52

sliding filament theory

Answer 52

the actin filaments slide across the myosin filaments to cause contraction

Question 53

motor unit

Answer 53

consists of a motor neuron and all of the muscle fibers it controls

Question 54

when a nerve impulse travels from the brain or spinal cord through the motor neuron and reaches the end of the nerve fiber, a chemical neurotransmitter called ____ is released and bridges the gap between the nerve end and muscle fiber

Answer 54

acetylcholine

Question 55

creatine phosphate

Answer 55

even though the energy cannot be used directly by the muscle, the energy causes the rebonding of the phosphate ion, producing ATP

Question 56

Aerobic cellular respiration

Answer 56

most of the energy to reconstitute ADP is the result of cellular respirationtakes place in the cells mitochondria

Question 57

krebs cycle

Answer 57

citric acid cyclein the mitochondria, a complex metabolic process takes place, resulting in the production of carbon dioxide, water, and energy in the form of heat and the synthesis of ATP

Question 58

anaerobic respiration

Answer 58

is a process in which glucose is broken down in the absence of oxygensynthesizes some ATP and produce pyruvic acid, which is converted to lactic acid, which is carried by the bloodstream to the liver, where it is converted back to glucose

Question 59

oxygen debt

Answer 59

less efficient anaerobic respiration produces pyruvic and then lactic acid. As lactic acid accumulates, the person develops oxygen debt

Question 60

the 3 components of motion

Answer 60

flexion / extensionabduction / adductionrotation

Question 61

Describe the 3 grades of strains

Answer 61

grade 1 overstreching of a few muscle fibers with minimal fiber tears. some pain, no loss of function. no palpable or visual indicationsgrade 2 tearing between 10%-50% of the muscle fibers. pain. some loss of function. palpable thickening of the muscle tissue. possible tissue bleedinggrade 3 tearing between 50%-100% of muscle fibers. palpable depression and / or bunching of the muscle. severe pain. total or near total loss of function

Question 62

what is the preferred intervention during the acute stage of a muscle strain, which can last 24-72 hours depending on the severity.

Answer 62

PRICEprotectresticecompresselevate

Question 63

tendonitis and tenosynovitis

Answer 63

tendonitis is an inflammation of the tendon often occurring at the musculotendinous or tenoperiosteal junctiontenosynovitis is an inflammation of the tendon sheathmany times they occur simultaneously.contraindicated on the lesion during the acute stages of inflammation

Question 64

tendonosis

Answer 64

is a degenerative condition of a tendon that does not involve any inflammation. characterized by the degeneration of the collagen fibers in the tendon, tendon weakness, and abnormal growth of unhealthy blood vessels through the tendon

Question 65

dystrophy

Answer 65

a group of related diseases that seem to be genetically inherited and cause progressive degeneration of the voluntary muscular systemthe contractile fibers of the muscles are gradually replaced by fat and connective tissue until those muscles become useless