Chapter 5 System 6 Endocrine and 7 Respiratory System Flashcards
Glands
Are specialized organs that vary in size and function
Circulatory and nervous systems closely interact with the glands
Act as chemical factories, have the ability to remove certain constituents from the blood to produce specialized secretions
Exocrine / duct glands
Possess tubes or ducts leading from the gland to a particular part of the body
I.e. Sweat glands, various skin and intestinal glands
Endocrine / ductless
Depend on the blood and lymph to carry their secretions to various affected tissues
The endocrine glands operate cooperatively with one another and the nervous system to maintain a state of homeostasis within the organism
Hormones
The chemical substances manufactured by the endocrine glands
Sometimes referred to as the body’s chemical messengers
Specialized so that they act on specific tissues (target organs) or influence certain processes in the body
Some hormones stimulate other endocrine or exocrine glands
Or restrain the activity of another gland
Some have a profound effect on physical or sexual development
Others regulate metabolism or body chemistry
Endocrine system
Comprises a group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activity, and health of the entire body, depending on the quality and quantity of their secretions
The major function of the endocrine system is to assist the nervous system in regulating body processes
The endocrine glands operate cooperatively with one another and the nervous system to maintain a state of homeostasis within the organism
What are the two main classifications of glands?
Exocrine / duct glands
Endocrine / ductless
Important endocrine glands are the… (6)***
Other organs that have hormone producing tissue include… (5)
Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, sex glands (gonads), pancreas
Pineal gland, hypothalamus, kidneys, placenta, intestinal mucosa
Hyperactive glands
Over secrete hormones owing to lack of regulation or glandular tumors
Pituitary gland
Is a small gland, about the size of a cherry
often called the master gland, because the hormones it secretes stimulate or regulate other glands
Located in a depression on the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica
Is regulated by impulses and secretions from the hypothalamus.
It has an anterior and posterior lobe, each of which secretes different hormones
Hypothalamus
Is part of the brain positioned at the inferior portion of the diencephalon
Plays a major role in controlling the secretions of the pituitary gland
Produces neural and chemical signals by releasing hormones or inhibitory hormones
Hypoactive glands
Secrete insufficient amounts of their hormones
Can be diseased or underdeveloped; injury by trauma, surgery, or radiation; or not receiving proper stimulation and regulation
Somatotropic or growth hormone
Stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and organs
Deficiency of this hormone inhibits mental and physical growth
Anterior lobe
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Regulates the thyroid gland
Anterior lobe
Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
Stimulates the adrenal cortex
Anterior lobe
Gonadotropic hormones
Regulate the development and function of the reproductive systems in humans
Anterior lobe
Prolactin
Stimulates the production of milk in a woman’s breast
Anterior lobe
The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces and secretes… (5)
Somatotropic or growth hormone
Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)
Gonadotropic hormones
Prolactin
The posterior lobe of the pituitary stores and secretes… (2)
Antidiuretic hormone
Oxytocin
Antidiuretic hormones
Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, thereby reducing urine output
Oxytocin
Causes the uterus to contract (during and after childbirth) and causes the letdown of breast milk
Hyperpituitarism
Is most notably observed as the production of excessive amounts of growth hormones
Gigantism - before puberty
Acromegaly - after puberty
Hyper activity of the pituitary is usually caused by a tumor
Gigantism***
If the hyper secretion occurs before puberty, the activity in the growth plates of the bones is accelerated and produces a giant
Acromegaly
If hyperpituitarism occurs after puberty, when a person has reached full height, the effects are; the bones of the hands, feet, face, and spine enlarge in a condition called acromegaly
There is excessive growth in some soft tissues as the lips and nose enlarge and the lower jaw protrudes
Hypopituitarism
can result from inadequate stimulation from the hypothalamus or from destruction of the pituitary gland
because the secretions of the pituitary gland stimulate other endocrine glands; it inhibits the actions of the target glands
can affect blood pressure, reproduction, growth, or failure to thrive
Thyroid gland
situated on either side of the trachea
produces three hormones; thyroxin, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin
thyroid hormones regulate the cellular consumption of oxygen and therefore the production of heat and energy in body tissues
requires adequate iodine in the blood
proper diet ensures iodine, which helps to prevent goiter (enlarged thyroid)
thyroxin and triiodothyronine
both act to stimulate the metabolic rate of the body
goiter
enlarged thyroid
calcitonin
a hormone that controls the level of calcium in the blood
when blood calcium is high, calcium is deposited back into the bones
is antagonistic to the parathyroid hormone
hyperthyroidism
is the excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland
often the gland enlarges to create a goiter
symptoms; heart palpations, rapid pulse, profuse sweating,, insomnia, nervousness, and excitability
graves disease
treated by destroying some or all of the thyroid gland with radioactive iodine therapy or by surgically removing part or all of the thyroid gland
Graves disease
hyperthyroidism
is characterized by a strained, tense facial expression and bulging eyes
hypothyroidism
deficient thyroid activity
symptoms are opposite of hyperthyroidism; slow heart rate. sluggish mental and physical activity; bloated, edemic appearance; and muscle weakness
cretinism
is caused by lack of thyroxin during fetal development and results in a dwarfed stature and mental retardation
easily treated with oral thyroxin supplements
parathyroid glands
two pairs of parathyroid glands, situated on each lobe and behind the thyroid, produce parathormone
parathormone
regulates the blood level of calcium
calcium from the bone is absorbed into the blood
parathormone vs. calcitonin
antagonist; they work together to maintain proper calcium levels in the blood
parathormone, when calcium in blood is low;
calcium from bone into blood
calcitonin, when calcium in the blood is high;
calcium from the blood into the bone
hyperparathyroidism
causes loss of calcium from the bones and excessive excretion of calcium and phosphorus from the kidneys
bones become brittle and prone to fracture
tendency toward kidney stones and disease
hypoparathyroidism
results in low blood calcium. Which makes the nervous activity hypersensitive
main characteristics; tetany
tetany
a sustained muscle contraction that usually affects the hands and feet
Thymus
located behind the sternum and above the heart
has endocrine and lymphatic functions and in most people active until puberty, at which time it begins to diminish
produces several related hormones that are essential in developing and maintaining our immune system
the main purpose is to stimulate lymphoid tissue to produce T-lymphocytes
Pancreas
located behind the stomach and has both endocrine and exocrine functions
produces digestive enzymes for the small intestine, through the pancreatic duct (exocrine)
islets of langerhans produce the hormones, insulin and glucagon, which are secreted directly into the bloodstream (endocrine)
islets of langerhans
scattered throughout the pancreas are small groups of specialized cells
that produce the hormones insulin and glucagon
secreted directly into the bloodstream
insulin
regulates the movement of glucose across the cell membrane so that when there is an increased level of glucose in the blood (after meals) secretion of insulin into the blood causes a rapid intake of glucose by most tissues in the body, especially the muscles, liver, and adipose tissue
also plays an important role in protein and fat transport and metabolism
diabetes mellitus
is a condition caused by decreased output of insulin by the pancreatic islets
cell metabolism doesn’t get enough glucose
since there is a high blood glucose and its not being used, it gets discharged by the kidneys into the urine
glucose in the urine is a major sign of diabetes
causes increase in lipids and decrease in ph in the blood
artherosclerosis from lipids. coma from low ph
poor circulation.
heart failure
blindness because of retinas
vascular disorders in legs can lead to gangrene
treatment by controlled diet, exercise, and a controlled program of insulin injections
glucagon; antagonistic of insulin. acts to convert glycogen stored in the liver into glucose, thereby increasing glucose
Adrenal
are situated on top of each kidney
each have two distinct parts, the medulla and the adrenal cortex, that produces different hormones
the two principle hormones produced by the medulla are…
epinephrine and norepinephrine
stimulation of the medulla comes from the sympathetic nervous system. Fight or flight.
cause the bronchioles to dilate, the heart rate to increase, the blood pressure to elevate, and glycogen to convert to glucose, preparing for work
the adrenal cortex produces a group of hormones called..
corticosteroids
more than 30 steroids
- > mineralocorticoids; affects the extra cellular electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium
- ->aldosterone; regulates the sodium / potassium balance in the extracellular fluid and in the blood
- > glucocorticoids; affects carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism
- ->cortisol (hydrocortisone); have the ability to repress or resolve conditions of inflammation and enhance the rate of healing of damaged tissue
The production of hormones by the adrenal cortex is stimulated by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland
hyperadrenalism
excessive release of adrenal hormones into the bloodstream
effects and symptoms depend on which hormone is secreted in excess
Cushing’s syndrome
cushing’s syndrome
results from excess glucocorticoid production and is characterized by obesity, muscle weakness, elevated blood sugar, and hypertension, and arteriosclerosis
hypoadrenalism
aka Addison’s disease
is due to the failure of the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone and cortisol.
characterized by weight loss, muscle fatigue or atrophy, low blood pressure, and darkened skin pigmentation
testes
two small, egg shaped glands that produce the spermatozoa
testosterone
is a male hormone responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics
estrogen
is a female hormone responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics
progesterone
a female hormone that prepares the uterine lining for implantation, aids maintaining pregnancy, and stimulates development of mammary glands for nursing
ovaries
are glandular organs in the pelvis that produce the ovum and female sex hormones
respiratory system
to carry on vital functions of the organism, the cells of the body require a continual supply of oxygen, and the removal of carbon dioxide
includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and the lungs
the lungs are composed of…(4)
spongy tissue, blood vessels, connective tissue, and microscopic air sacs called alveoli
respiration is the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen that takes place at three levels in the body…(3)
- external respiration; takes place in the lungs
- internal respiration; between the cells of the body and blood
- cellular respiration or oxidation; occurs within the cell
what happens to air that is inhaled and passes through the nasal cavity?
it is warmed, moistened, and filtered
breathing***
external respiration, also called ventilation or breathing
involves the act of inhaling and exhaling air, resulting in an exchange of gases between the blood and alveoli
Depending on a person’s lung capacity, the natural rate of breathing for an adult is…***
between 10 and 20 times a minute
a healthy respiratory system is maintained by…***
avoiding air pollution, toxic chemicals, and smoking
deep breathing, regular exercise, and a healthy diet all help to keep the respiratory system function normally
common cold
aka upper respiratory tract infection (URTI)
Viral infection, over 200 different types
spread through physical contact
symptoms; nasal discharge and congestion, mild fever, sore throat, dry coughing, headache
contraindicated; massage tends to stir up more toxins and exacerbate the symptoms
influenza
flu
viral infection, similar to the cold but cause by different viruses.
spread by physical contact or airborne
symptoms; coughing, sneezing, congestion, and general malaise can follow for up to two weeks
common complication because of the body in a weakened condition, it is a possible secondary bacterial infection
(bronchitis, pneumonia)
contraindicated
pneumonia
pneumonitis terms to describe any type of inflammation of the lungs.
many different types of viruses and bacteria that cause pneumonia
symptoms; coughing, chills, high fever, body aches, chest pains, cyanosis, thickened yellow/green or blood streaked phlegm.
contraindicated, besides in the subacute stage to use percussion to help break up the phlegm
sinusitis
the swelling or inflammation of the paranasal sinus cavities
can occur as a reaction to allergies, nasal obstructions, or infections
symptoms; localized tenderness, pressure headaches, runny nose, congestion, or facial and tooth pain
as long as no viral or bacterial infection is present, massage can benefit
tuberculosis
TB, bacteria
highly infectious airborne disease that can begin in the lungs and spread to other parts of the body
cause by an infection of the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria
the bacterial infection can sit dormant for years in a healthy body before the person contracts the disease
bacterial infections rarely has symptoms
disease symptoms; night sweats, fatigue, and a cough that will start dry but later begin to be productive of bloody or pus filled phlegm
contraindicated
