Chapter 5 System 6 Endocrine and 7 Respiratory System

Question 1

Glands

Answer 1

Are specialized organs that vary in size and function

Circulatory and nervous systems closely interact with the glands

Act as chemical factories, have the ability to remove certain constituents from the blood to produce specialized secretions

Question 2

Exocrine / duct glands

Answer 2

Possess tubes or ducts leading from the gland to a particular part of the body

I.e. Sweat glands, various skin and intestinal glands

Question 3

Endocrine / ductless

Answer 3

Depend on the blood and lymph to carry their secretions to various affected tissues

The endocrine glands operate cooperatively with one another and the nervous system to maintain a state of homeostasis within the organism

Question 4

Hormones

Answer 4

The chemical substances manufactured by the endocrine glands

Sometimes referred to as the body’s chemical messengers

Specialized so that they act on specific tissues (target organs) or influence certain processes in the body

Some hormones stimulate other endocrine or exocrine glands
Or restrain the activity of another gland

Some have a profound effect on physical or sexual development

Others regulate metabolism or body chemistry

Question 5

Endocrine system

Answer 5

Comprises a group of specialized glands that affect the growth, development, sexual activity, and health of the entire body, depending on the quality and quantity of their secretions

The major function of the endocrine system is to assist the nervous system in regulating body processes

The endocrine glands operate cooperatively with one another and the nervous system to maintain a state of homeostasis within the organism

Question 6

What are the two main classifications of glands?

Answer 6

Exocrine / duct glands

Endocrine / ductless

Question 7

Important endocrine glands are the… (6)***

Other organs that have hormone producing tissue include… (5)

Answer 7

Pituitary, thyroid, parathyroid, adrenal, 
sex glands (gonads), pancreas

Pineal gland, hypothalamus, kidneys, placenta, intestinal mucosa

Question 8

Hyperactive glands

Answer 8

Over secrete hormones owing to lack of regulation or glandular tumors

Question 9

Pituitary gland

Answer 9

Is a small gland, about the size of a cherry

often called the master gland, because the hormones it secretes stimulate or regulate other glands

Located in a depression on the sphenoid bone called the sella turcica

Is regulated by impulses and secretions from the hypothalamus.

It has an anterior and posterior lobe, each of which secretes different hormones

Question 10

Hypothalamus

Answer 10

Is part of the brain positioned at the inferior portion of the diencephalon

Plays a major role in controlling the secretions of the pituitary gland

Produces neural and chemical signals by releasing hormones or inhibitory hormones

Question 11

Hypoactive glands

Answer 11

Secrete insufficient amounts of their hormones

Can be diseased or underdeveloped; injury by trauma, surgery, or radiation; or not receiving proper stimulation and regulation

Question 12

Somatotropic or growth hormone

Answer 12

Stimulates the growth of bones, muscles, and organs

Deficiency of this hormone inhibits mental and physical growth

Anterior lobe

Question 13

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Answer 13

Regulates the thyroid gland

Anterior lobe

Question 14

Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)

Answer 14

Stimulates the adrenal cortex

Anterior lobe

Question 15

Gonadotropic hormones

Answer 15

Regulate the development and function of the reproductive systems in humans

Anterior lobe

Question 16

Prolactin

Answer 16

Stimulates the production of milk in a woman’s breast

Anterior lobe

Question 17

The anterior lobe of the pituitary produces and secretes… (5)

Answer 17

Somatotropic or growth hormone

Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)

Adrenocorticotropic (ACTH)

Gonadotropic hormones

Prolactin

Question 18

The posterior lobe of the pituitary stores and secretes… (2)

Answer 18

Antidiuretic hormone

Oxytocin

Question 19

Antidiuretic hormones

Answer 19

Stimulates the kidneys to reabsorb more water, thereby reducing urine output

Question 20

Oxytocin

Answer 20

Causes the uterus to contract (during and after childbirth) and causes the letdown of breast milk

Question 21

Hyperpituitarism

Answer 21

Is most notably observed as the production of excessive amounts of growth hormones

Gigantism - before puberty
Acromegaly - after puberty

Hyper activity of the pituitary is usually caused by a tumor

Question 22

Gigantism***

Answer 22

If the hyper secretion occurs before puberty, the activity in the growth plates of the bones is accelerated and produces a giant

Question 23

Acromegaly

Answer 23

If hyperpituitarism occurs after puberty, when a person has reached full height, the effects are; the bones of the hands, feet, face, and spine enlarge in a condition called acromegaly

There is excessive growth in some soft tissues as the lips and nose enlarge and the lower jaw protrudes

Question 24

Hypopituitarism

Answer 24

can result from inadequate stimulation from the hypothalamus or from destruction of the pituitary gland

because the secretions of the pituitary gland stimulate other endocrine glands; it inhibits the actions of the target glands

can affect blood pressure, reproduction, growth, or failure to thrive

Question 25

Thyroid gland

Answer 25

situated on either side of the trachea produces three hormones; thyroxin, triiodothyronine, and calcitonin thyroid hormones regulate the cellular consumption of oxygen and therefore the production of heat and energy in body tissues requires adequate iodine in the blood proper diet ensures iodine, which helps to prevent goiter (enlarged thyroid)

Question 26

thyroxin and triiodothyronine

Answer 26

both act to stimulate the metabolic rate of the body

Question 27

goiter

Answer 27

enlarged thyroid

Question 28

calcitonin

Answer 28

a hormone that controls the level of calcium in the blood when blood calcium is high, calcium is deposited back into the bones is antagonistic to the parathyroid hormone

Question 29

hyperthyroidism

Answer 29

is the excessive functional activity of the thyroid gland often the gland enlarges to create a goiter symptoms; heart palpations, rapid pulse, profuse sweating,, insomnia, nervousness, and excitability graves disease treated by destroying some or all of the thyroid gland with radioactive iodine therapy or by surgically removing part or all of the thyroid gland

Question 30

Graves disease

Answer 30

hyperthyroidism is characterized by a strained, tense facial expression and bulging eyes

Question 31

hypothyroidism

Answer 31

deficient thyroid activity symptoms are opposite of hyperthyroidism; slow heart rate. sluggish mental and physical activity; bloated, edemic appearance; and muscle weakness

Question 32

cretinism

Answer 32

is caused by lack of thyroxin during fetal development and results in a dwarfed stature and mental retardation easily treated with oral thyroxin supplements

Question 33

parathyroid glands

Answer 33

two pairs of parathyroid glands, situated on each lobe and behind the thyroid, produce parathormone

Question 34

parathormone

Answer 34

regulates the blood level of calcium calcium from the bone is absorbed into the blood

Question 35

parathormone vs. calcitonin

Answer 35

antagonist; they work together to maintain proper calcium levels in the blood parathormone, when calcium in blood is low; calcium from bone into blood calcitonin, when calcium in the blood is high; calcium from the blood into the bone

Question 36

hyperparathyroidism

Answer 36

causes loss of calcium from the bones and excessive excretion of calcium and phosphorus from the kidneys bones become brittle and prone to fracture tendency toward kidney stones and disease

Question 37

hypoparathyroidism

Answer 37

results in low blood calcium. Which makes the nervous activity hypersensitive main characteristics; tetany

Question 38

tetany

Answer 38

a sustained muscle contraction that usually affects the hands and feet

Question 39

Thymus

Answer 39

located behind the sternum and above the heart has endocrine and lymphatic functions and in most people active until puberty, at which time it begins to diminish produces several related hormones that are essential in developing and maintaining our immune system the main purpose is to stimulate lymphoid tissue to produce T-lymphocytes

Question 40

Pancreas

Answer 40

located behind the stomach and has both endocrine and exocrine functions produces digestive enzymes for the small intestine, through the pancreatic duct (exocrine) islets of langerhans produce the hormones, insulin and glucagon, which are secreted directly into the bloodstream (endocrine)

Question 41

islets of langerhans

Answer 41

scattered throughout the pancreas are small groups of specialized cells that produce the hormones insulin and glucagon secreted directly into the bloodstream

Question 42

insulin

Answer 42

regulates the movement of glucose across the cell membrane so that when there is an increased level of glucose in the blood (after meals) secretion of insulin into the blood causes a rapid intake of glucose by most tissues in the body, especially the muscles, liver, and adipose tissue also plays an important role in protein and fat transport and metabolism

Question 43

diabetes mellitus

Answer 43

is a condition caused by decreased output of insulin by the pancreatic islets cell metabolism doesn't get enough glucose since there is a high blood glucose and its not being used, it gets discharged by the kidneys into the urine glucose in the urine is a major sign of diabetes causes increase in lipids and decrease in ph in the blood artherosclerosis from lipids. coma from low ph poor circulation. heart failure blindness because of retinas vascular disorders in legs can lead to gangrene treatment by controlled diet, exercise, and a controlled program of insulin injections glucagon; antagonistic of insulin. acts to convert glycogen stored in the liver into glucose, thereby increasing glucose

Question 44

Adrenal

Answer 44

are situated on top of each kidney each have two distinct parts, the medulla and the adrenal cortex, that produces different hormones

Question 45

the two principle hormones produced by the medulla are...

Answer 45

epinephrine and norepinephrine stimulation of the medulla comes from the sympathetic nervous system. Fight or flight. cause the bronchioles to dilate, the heart rate to increase, the blood pressure to elevate, and glycogen to convert to glucose, preparing for work

Question 46

the adrenal cortex produces a group of hormones called..

Answer 46

corticosteroids more than 30 steroids - >mineralocorticoids; affects the extra cellular electrolytes, especially sodium and potassium - ->aldosterone; regulates the sodium / potassium balance in the extracellular fluid and in the blood - >glucocorticoids; affects carbohydrate, protein, and fat metabolism - ->cortisol (hydrocortisone); have the ability to repress or resolve conditions of inflammation and enhance the rate of healing of damaged tissue The production of hormones by the adrenal cortex is stimulated by the adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) from the pituitary gland

Question 47

hyperadrenalism

Answer 47

excessive release of adrenal hormones into the bloodstream effects and symptoms depend on which hormone is secreted in excess Cushing's syndrome

Question 48

cushing's syndrome

Answer 48

results from excess glucocorticoid production and is characterized by obesity, muscle weakness, elevated blood sugar, and hypertension, and arteriosclerosis

Question 49

hypoadrenalism

Answer 49

aka Addison's disease is due to the failure of the adrenal cortex to produce aldosterone and cortisol. characterized by weight loss, muscle fatigue or atrophy, low blood pressure, and darkened skin pigmentation

Question 50

testes

Answer 50

two small, egg shaped glands that produce the spermatozoa

Question 51

testosterone

Answer 51

is a male hormone responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics

Question 52

estrogen

Answer 52

is a female hormone responsible for development of secondary sexual characteristics

Question 53

progesterone

Answer 53

a female hormone that prepares the uterine lining for implantation, aids maintaining pregnancy, and stimulates development of mammary glands for nursing

Question 54

ovaries

Answer 54

are glandular organs in the pelvis that produce the ovum and female sex hormones

Question 55

respiratory system

Answer 55

to carry on vital functions of the organism, the cells of the body require a continual supply of oxygen, and the removal of carbon dioxide includes the nose, nasal cavity, pharynx, larynx, trachea, bronchial tubes, and the lungs

Question 56

the lungs are composed of...(4)

Answer 56

spongy tissue, blood vessels, connective tissue, and microscopic air sacs called alveoli

Question 57

respiration is the exchange of carbon dioxide and oxygen that takes place at three levels in the body...(3)

Answer 57

1. external respiration; takes place in the lungs 2. internal respiration; between the cells of the body and blood 3. cellular respiration or oxidation; occurs within the cell

Question 58

what happens to air that is inhaled and passes through the nasal cavity?

Answer 58

it is warmed, moistened, and filtered

Question 59

breathing***

Answer 59

external respiration, also called ventilation or breathing involves the act of inhaling and exhaling air, resulting in an exchange of gases between the blood and alveoli

Question 60

Depending on a person's lung capacity, the natural rate of breathing for an adult is...***

Answer 60

between 10 and 20 times a minute

Question 61

a healthy respiratory system is maintained by...***

Answer 61

avoiding air pollution, toxic chemicals, and smoking deep breathing, regular exercise, and a healthy diet all help to keep the respiratory system function normally

Question 62

common cold

Answer 62

aka upper respiratory tract infection (URTI) Viral infection, over 200 different types spread through physical contact symptoms; nasal discharge and congestion, mild fever, sore throat, dry coughing, headache contraindicated; massage tends to stir up more toxins and exacerbate the symptoms

Question 63

influenza

Answer 63

flu viral infection, similar to the cold but cause by different viruses. spread by physical contact or airborne symptoms; coughing, sneezing, congestion, and general malaise can follow for up to two weeks common complication because of the body in a weakened condition, it is a possible secondary bacterial infection (bronchitis, pneumonia) contraindicated

Question 64

pneumonia

Answer 64

pneumonitis terms to describe any type of inflammation of the lungs. many different types of viruses and bacteria that cause pneumonia symptoms; coughing, chills, high fever, body aches, chest pains, cyanosis, thickened yellow/green or blood streaked phlegm. contraindicated, besides in the subacute stage to use percussion to help break up the phlegm

Question 65

sinusitis

Answer 65

the swelling or inflammation of the paranasal sinus cavities can occur as a reaction to allergies, nasal obstructions, or infections symptoms; localized tenderness, pressure headaches, runny nose, congestion, or facial and tooth pain as long as no viral or bacterial infection is present, massage can benefit

Question 66

tuberculosis

Answer 66

TB, bacteria highly infectious airborne disease that can begin in the lungs and spread to other parts of the body cause by an infection of the mycobacterium tuberculosis bacteria the bacterial infection can sit dormant for years in a healthy body before the person contracts the disease bacterial infections rarely has symptoms disease symptoms; night sweats, fatigue, and a cough that will start dry but later begin to be productive of bloody or pus filled phlegm contraindicated