Chapter 5 System 4 Circulatory System Flashcards
The two divisions of the vascular system.
Cardiovascular (blood-vascular) system
Includes the blood, heart, and blood vessels
Lymphatic (lymph-vascular) system
Consists of lymph, lymph nodes, and lymphatics through which the lymph circulates
Cardiovascular system
Is a network of structures including the heart, blood vessels, and blood that pumps and carries blood throughout the body
Closed circuit system that continuously circulated the blood throughout the body
In the capillaries there is a constant and extensive interchange of fluids and the substances they contain
Pericardium
Is a double-layered membrane that encloses the heart
Epicardium
Is the protective outer layer of the heart
Myocardium
Is the cardiac muscle
Endocardium
Is the thin, innermost layer of the heart
The heart
Is a muscular, conical-shaped organ, about the size of a closed fist
Located in the chest cavity between the lungs and behind the sternum
Pericardial cavity
Contains a serous fluid so that the heart is supported in position and at the same time allowed to move frictionlessly as it continually pulsates
Septum
Is the wall that separates the heart’s chambers
Circulatory system
Or vascular system controls the circulation of the blood and lymph throughout the body by means of the heart, blood, and lymph vessels
The primary function of the circ system is to supply body cells with nutrient materials and carry away waste products
Try
Pulling
My
Aorta
Tricuspid valve
Pulmonary semilunar valve
Mitral valve or bicuspid valve
Aortic semilunar valve
tricuspid valve
of the heart allows blood to flow from the right atrium into the right ventricle
pulmonary semilunar
of the heart directs blood from the right ventricle into the pulmonary arteries
bicuspid or mitral valve
of the heart allows blood to flow from the left atrium into the left ventricle
aortic semilunar valve
of the heart permits the blood to be pumped from the left ventricle into the aorta
Order of blood vessels
arteries > arterioles > capillaries O2 >
venules CO2 > veins
arteries
are thick-walled muscular and elastic vessels that transport oxygenated blood from the heart
arterioles
small blood vessels between the arteries and the capillaries
capillaries
are the smallest blood vessels and connect arterioles with the venules
two-way transportation of substances
takes in O2
venules
are microscopic vessels that continue from the capillaries and merge to form veins
takes in co2
veins
are thinner-walled blood vessels that carry deoxygenated blood and waste-laden blood from capillaries back to the heart
all blood in arteries is O2 except ____ ____.
pulmonary artery (co2)
all blood in veins is co2 except ____ ____.
pulmonary vein (O2)
impulses from the vagus nerve and the sympathetic nervous system help to…
regulate the force of contraction and the heart rate
in a normal human adult, the heart beats about __ to __ times a minute.
60 to 80
aorta
is the main artery of the body
vasoconstriction
is the contraction of the arterial walls
vasodilation
is the relaxation and enlargement of the arterial walls
diffusion
is a process in which substances move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration
blood vessels
the construction of all blood vessels, except the capillaries, are similar
endothelium is the inner most layer of blood vessels
the middle layer is smooth muscle
the outer layer is tough, protective connective tissue
the farther from the heart, the finer and more delicate the vessels become
capillary walls
are made up of only a single layer of simple squamous epithelium to allow the passage of nutrients and wastes from and into the bloodstream
how many miles of continuous blood vessels make up an adults circulatory system?
60,000 miles
the ____ and ____ have thicker walls than those of the ____ and ____.
arteries and arterioles
veins and venules
what is the main artery of the body?
aorta
the smooth muscle tissue in the walls of the arteries and arterioles is
richly supplied with nerves from the sympathetic portion of the autonomic nervous system
arteries vary in size from…
the aorta, which is about an inch in diameter
the capillaries, which the walls are just a single cell thick and only large enough to pass one blood cell at a time
vasomotor nerves
cause the smooth muscles of the arterial walls to contract, reducing the diameter of the vessel.
this action is called vasoconstriction
changes in the diameter of the vessels affect the ____ ____ and ____.
blood pressure and flow
what is the most important function of the capillaries?
the two-way transportation of substances between the flowing blood and the tissue fluids surrounding the cells.
how do substances move through the capillary walls?
by the process of diffusion, filtration, or osmosis.
of these, diffusion is the most prevalent
filtration
is a process in which blood pressure pushes fluids and substances through the capillary wall and into the tissue spaces
venous pump
when muscles contact and exert external pressure on the veins, which tends to collapse them. As the vein is repeatedly collapsed, the blood is forced along through the system of valves toward the heart.
massage strokes are very effective at encouraging the blood to move through the veins and therefore should always be directed to follow the venous blood flow toward the heart.
what are the main sources of blood supply to the head, face, and neck?
the common carotid arteries
the blood is in constant circulation. what are the two systems involved in circulation?
pulmonary and systemic
pulmonary circulation
is the blood circulation from the heart to the lungs and back again to the heart
general or systemic circulation
is the blood circulation from the left side of the heart throughout the body and back again to the heart
the course that blood travels
superior and inferior vena cava > right atrium or auricle > tricuspid valve > right ventricle > pulmonary semilunar valve > pulmonary arteries > lungs > pulmonary veins > left atrium or auricle > bicuspid or mitral valve > left ventricle > aortic semilunar valve > aorta > major arteries of the body expect the lungs > arterioles > capillaries (drops off nutrients, and picks up waste) > venules > veins > REPEAT
atherosclerosis
is characterized by an accumulation of plaque (fatty deposits) on the inner walls of the arteries
there are really no outward symptoms until it has progressed to the point that a related condition appears
arteriosclerosis
walls tend to thicken, become fibrous, and lose their elasticity
what increases the chances of developing atherosclerosis?
family history high blood pressure high cholesterol level sedentary lifestyle smoking
occlusion of a coronary artery is common and results in
angina pectoris or heart attack or myocardial infarction
thrombus
blood clot
embolus
blood clot breaks free
stroke
embolism (blood clot) in the brain
heart attack
embolism (blood clot) in the heart
Myocardial infarction
Due to atherosclerosis, narrowed vessels, or an embolism
Seriousness depends on location and the extent of tissue damage
Symptoms; pressure or arching around the heart, often radiating into the left arm, back, and jaw
Nearly 50% of people die before getting to the hospital
Contraindicated in acute stage
Rehab with physician
pulmonary embolism
embolism (blood clot) in the lungs
persons with advanced or diagnosed atherosclerosis
circulatory massage is contraindicated
phlebitis
is an inflammation of a vein that can result from injury, surgery, or infection
symptoms include pain and inflammation along the course of the vein and swelling
thrombophlebitis
signifies the presence of a blood clot (thrombus) in an inflamed vein
usually occur in lower extremities and can affect the superficial or deep veins
vein is tender to the touch and feels like a hard cord
aneurysm
is a local distention or ballooning of an artery from a weakening wall
most common in the abdominal or thoracic cavity
occasionally in the cranium
usually asymptomatic but can cause feeling of pressure, pain, or edema, depending on location.
can cause internal bleeding
massage is contraindicated
cerebrovascular accident (CVA)
stroke
caused by a disturbance in the cerebral circulation
can be cause by an embolism, atherosclerosis, hemorrhage, or a ruptured aneurysm
symptoms vary according to the area of the brain affected; unilateral weakness, paralysis, numbness, confusion, blurred or double vision.
partial to full paralysis to one side of the body, possible memory loss, vision loss, loss speech, changed personality
massage in the acute stage is contraindicated
can help in rehab under physicians supervision
25% no lasting effects
50% result in some physical impairment
25% of strokes are fatal
what are the stroke stats?
25% no lasting effects
50% result in some physical impairment
25% of strokes are fatal
Varicose veins
Protruding, bulbous, distended superficial veins, particularly in the lower legs
Prolonged standing or blockage causes veins to enlarge and stretch
Often results in edema
Contraindicated, lightest massage
Hematoma
Bruise is superficial
Is a mass of blood trapped in some tissue or cavity of the body and is the result of internal bleeding
Contraindicated during acute stages
Edema
Is a condition of excess fluid in the interstitial spaces
Characterized by swelling of the tissues because of excess fluid
Associated with a weakened heart, congested liver, chemical imbalance, or a local injury or infection
Local contradiction
The blood
Is the nutritive fluid circulating throughout the blood-vascular system
Salty and sticky, has an alkaline reaction
Maintains temperature of 98.6°f (37°c)
11 pints of blood***
1/16 - 1/20 of body weight = pints of blood
Skin can hold as much as 50% of blood in the body
Chief functions of blood
Carries water, oxygen, food, and secretions to all areas of the body
Carries away co2 and waste products to excretory channels
Helps equalize body temp
Aids in protecting the body from harmful bacteria and infections (white blood cells)
It coagulates (clots)
Composition of blood
Liquid connective tissue consisting of a fluid component (blood plasma) and a solid component that consists of red corpsucles, white corpuscles, and blood platelets
Plasma constitutes from 50-60% of the blood volume
Red blood cell
Red corpuscles
Erythrocyte
Double concave disk-shaped cells colored with a substance called hemoglobin
Hemoglobin carry oxygen from the lungs to the body cells and transport co2 from cells to the lungs
Formed in the red bone marrow
Account for about 98% of blood cells
White blood cell
White corpuscles
Leukocyte
Larger in size, colorless, shape shift
Produced in the spleen, lymph nodes, red bone marrow
Most importantly, they protect the body against disease by combating different infectious and toxic agents. Engulf and digest harmful elements
Hemeglobin
An iron-protein compound in red blood cells capable of carrying oxygen from the lungs to the cells and co2 from the cells
Phagocytosis
Is a process in which leukocytes engulf and digest harmful bacteria
Immune system
Helps to protect the body and keep it safe from pathogens and disease
Blood platelets
Thrombocytes
Are colorless irregular bodies, much smaller than red corpuscles
Formed in the red bone marrow
Play an important role in clotting of the blood
Serotonin
Platelets release serotonin, which is a vasoconstrictor that causes a vascular spasm that temporarily closed the blood vessel
Fibrin
Tissue damage causes an enzyme to be released that acts on one of the components in the plasma (fibrogen) to activate and form threads of fibrin
Forms mesh work
Which entrap other platelets and blood cells in a blood clot
Plasma
Fluid component of the blood
Straw like in color
Red and white corpuscles, platelets are suspended
~90% of plasma is water
7% proteins
1.5% other substances
Regulated fluid imbalance and pH
Transport nutrients and gases
Derived from food and water
Hemophilia
Is a disease characterized by extremely slow clotting of blood and excessive bleeding from even very slight cuts
Hereditary
Men are chief sufferers, women can transmit this condition to their sons
Anemia
Several conditions in which there is a rapid loss or inadequate production of red blood cells.
Results in a lack of body strength and paleness
More of a symptom of a condition than an actual disease
Different types of anemia (5)
Nutritional anemia Pernicious anemia Hemorrhagic anemia Aplastic anemia Sickle cell anemia
Nutritional anemia
Can be due to dietary deficiencies of iron, folic acid, or B12
Pernicious anemia
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