Chapter 5 Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
morphology
is the science or study of the structure of an organism or body
atoms
consist of subatomic particles that all substances are composed of.
carbon
hydrogen
oxygen
nitrogen
cells
are basic functional units of all living matter
epithelial cell
nerve cell
muscle cell
tissues
are collections of similar cells that carry out specific bodily functions
epithelial tissues
nerve tissues
muscle tissues
connective tissues
organs
a combination of tissues and cells that form a complex structure to perform a certain function within the system
lung
brain
stomach
kidney
organ system
is several organs working together to perform a bodily function
respiratory system
nervous system
digestive system
circulatory system
protoplasm
is a colorless, jelly like substance in which food elements, such as protein, fats, carbs, mineral salts, and water are present
molecules
atoms arranged in specific patterns and structures
sugars
proteins
water
organelles
mitochondrian
nucleus
ribosome
cytoplasm
is all of the substance within the cell wall other than the nucleus
nucleus
the main central body of living cells that contains the genetic information for continuing life
living cells differ from each other by… (4)
size, shape, structure, function
cell membrane
permits soluble substances to enter and leave the protoplasm
cytoplasmic organelles
discrete structures within a cell, having specialized functions, identifying molecule structures, and a distinctive chemical composition
differentiation
is the repeated division of the ovum during early developmental stages. resulting in specialized cells that differ from one another
mitosis
is the process of cell division in which a cell divides into two cells identical to the parent cell
IPMAT
Interphase Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
meiosis
is cell division that takes place in the sex organs of animals to produce the egg and sperm required for fertilization, and in which the resultant cells have only one half the number of hereditary chromosomes as the parent cell
the activity of the cells can be divide into what 3 categories?
vegetative,
growth and reproduction
specilaized
metabolism
is the process taking place in living organisms whereby the cells are nourished and carry out their activities
anabolism
is the process of building up of larger molecules from smaller ones
catabolism
is the breaking down of larger substances into smaller ones
enzymes
are proteins that act as catalysts for chemical reactions in metabolism while remaining unchanged themselves
adenosine triphosphate
ATP
a molecule that stores energy in the body and releases it when it breaks down into adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
endoderm
innermost layer of cells of the zygote
mesoderm
middle layer of cells of the zygote
ectoderm
outermost layer of cells of the zygote
epithelial tissue
is a protective layer that functions in the processes of absorption, excretion, secretion, and protection
the classifications of epithelial tissue (3)
squamous - flat
cuboidal - small cube shape
columnar - tall or rectangular
skeletal membrane
covers bone and cartilage
periosteum
is a fibrous membrane that functions to protect the bone and serves as an attachment of tendons and ligaments
perichondrium
is the membrane covering cartilage
synovial membrane
is a connective tissue membrane lining cavities and capsules in and around joints
skeletal muscles
are attached to bone by tendons and are responsible for moving the limbs, fascial expression, speaking, and other voluntary movements
voluntary muscles
are skeletal muscles that can be activated by conscious effort
smooth muscle tissue
lacks striations and cannot be stimulated to contract by conscious effort
mucous membrane
produces mucus, a thick, sticky substance that acts as a protectant and lubricant
lines the surfaces of body cavities and canals that lead out of the body. respiratory and digestive
serous membrane
produces serous fluid, a watery substance that also acts as a lubricant
lines the closed body cavities
in the body cavities is a special epithelial tissue called mesothelium
also little or no friction
what are the three major serous membranes?
pleura encases the lungs
pericardium around the heart
peritoneum lines the abdominal cavity
cardiac muscle tissue
occurs only in the heart and is responsible for pumping blood through the heart into the blood vessels
nervous tissue
is composed of neurons; it initiates, controls, and coordinates the body’s adaptation to its surroundings
neuron
is the structural unit of the nervous system
areolar tissue
is loose connective tissue that binds the skin to the underlying tissues and fills the spaces between the muscles
superficial fascia
refers to the connective tissue layer between the skin and those structures underlying the skin
adipose tissue
is areolar tissue with an abundance of fat cells
reticular tissue
is composed of fibers that form the framework of the liver and lymphoid organs
dense connective tissue
is composed of collagen and elastin fibers that are closely arranged to form tendons and ligaments
tendons
are bands that attach muscle to bone
ligaments
ligabone
are bands or fibrous tissue that connect bones to bones
fascia
fibrous connective tissue that forms a network throughout the body, surrounding every structure to support, seperate, and give shape to the body
deep fascia
envelops and permeates the skeletal muscles.
refers to the fibrous tissue sheaths that penetrate deep into the body separating muscle groups
fibrocartilage
is found between the vertebrae and pubic symphysis
bone tissue
is connective tissue in which the intercellular substance is rendered hard by mineral salts, chiefly calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
hyaline cartilage
contains little fibrous tissue and is made up of cells embedded in a somewhat translucent matrix
nose
trachea
ends of bones
movable joints
elastic cartilage
is the most resilient of cartilages
external ear
larynx
and similar structures
liquid connective tissue
blood
lymph
interstitial fluid
