Chapter 1 History Flashcards
Masseuse
A female practitioner
Origin of the word Massage
Greek - masso, massein
Latin - massa
Arabic - mass’h, mass
Sanskrit - makeh
Douglas graham
In America near the end of the nineteenth century, popularized the use of the word massage
From Massachusetts
Johann Georg Mezger
Dutch man
The term massage, as well as the common name for the strokes and frictions is generally attributed to him
How long has massage been practiced?
Major part of medicine for at least 5,000 years
Important part of western medical traditions for at least 3,000
The Cong Fou of Tao-Tse
One of the ancient Chinese books that describes the use of medical plants, exercises, and a system of massage
Anmo or Amma
Chinese massage technique
Tui-na
A more modern term for Chinese medical massage
Means “push-pull”
Acupressure
Derived from acupuncture and is the use of finger pressure and touch on specific points to promote balance
Tsubo
Japanese
Are points on the body that are sensitive to pressure applied during shiatsu
The practice of anmo massage entered Japanese around 6th century AD
The points are pressed to affect the circulation of fluids and Ki or Chi
Shiatsu
Is a massage technique from Japan in which points of stimulation are pressed to affect the circulation of fluids and Ki
Ayur-Veda
Indian and Hindu
Art of life
A sacred book of the Hindus written approximately 1800 BC
Included Massage treatments among its hygienic principles
The laws of manu
Indian or Hindu
The laws of man
Defined the duties of everyday life
Diet, bathing, exercise, and tschanpua
Tschanpua
Hindu
Massage in the bath
Kneading the extremities, tapotement, frictioning, anointing with perfumes, and cracking the joints of the fingers, toes, and neck
Asclepius
God of medicine
Greek priest- physician
Founded the first gymnasium to treat disease and promote health
Combined exercise and massage to create gymnastics
Asclepius’ staff with the entwined serpents
Gymnasium
Is a center where exercise and massage are combined to treat disease and promote health
Hippocrates oath
Is a code of ethics for physicians
Herodicus
Greek physician
of the 5th century BC
Prolonged the lives of many of his patients with diet, exercise, and massage by using beneficial herbs and oils
Masseur
Male massage practitioners
Hippocrates
Greek 460-380 BC
Pupil of Herodicus
Descendant in the lineage of Ascelpius
Father of medicine
Created the famous code of ethics; Hippocratic Oath
Anatripsis
Is the art of rubbing a body part upward
Celsus
Roman author
42 BC - 37 AD
Book; De medicina
Considered to be one of the most eminent Roman physicians
Claudius Galen
Roman physician
130-200 AD
To the Roman emperor Marcus Aurelius
And to the gladiators. Gained great knowledge
Is said to have discovered that arteries and veins contain blood
William Harvey
1578-1657
English physician
Credited with discovering the circulation of the blood in 1628
Greek and Roman philosophers, statesman, and historians such as
____, ____, ____, and ____ wrote of the importance of massage and passive and active exercise to the maintenance of a healthy body and mind
Cicero, Pliny, Plutarch, and Pluto
Julius Caesar
Roman general and emperor
100-44 BC
Is said to have demanded his daily massage for the relief of neuralgia and prevention of epileptic attacks
Constantine
Roman emperor
228-337 AD
Converted to Christianity
Abolished and destroyed the baths and gymnasiums because of wide spread abuses of a sexual nature
Rhazes or Razi
Islamic Persian philosopher / physician and prolific writer
860-932 AD Arabic
Follower of Hippocrates and Galen
Most important book; an encyclopedia of Arabic, Roman, and Greek medical practices that esteemed the use of exercise, diet, and massage
Avicenna
Arabic author
980-1037 AD
The most important single book in medical history
Canon of Medicine
Ardent follower of Galen
Ambroise Paré
French barber-surgeon
1517-1590
One of the founders of modern surgery and inventor of the ligation of arteries
He classified massage movements as;
Gentle, medium, and vigorous frictions and employed flexion, extension, and circumduction of joints
Served as physician to 4 of France’s kings
He is credited with restoring the health of Mary, queen of scots
Mercurialis
1530-1606 professor of medicine at the university of Padua, Italy
Book; De Arte Gymnastica
John Grosvenor
English surgeon and practitioner of chirurgy
1742-1823
Emphasized the value of friction in the relief of stiff joints, gout, and rheumatism
Chirurgy
Healing with the hands
Per Henrik Ling
Smaaland, Sweden physiologist and fencing master
1776-1839
Known as the father of physical therapy
Created a system of movements called medical gymnastics
1813 established the Royal Swedish central institute of gymnastics. Chartered and financed by the Swedish government
Book; The Ling System; Swedish movements or the movement cure
Medicinal gymnastics
Gymnastics applied to the treatment of disease consisting of active, duplicated, and passive movements
Active is performed by the patient. Exercise
Passive is performed by the therapists. Range of motion therapy and massage
Mathias Roth
English physician
Studied under Ling at the Royal central institute
1851 published the first book in English on the Swedish movements
Established the first institute in England to teach Swedish movement and gymnastics and gave private instruction to Charles Fayette Taylor
Charles Fayette Taylor
New York physician
1858 introduced the methods of Swedish movement and gymnastics to the United States
In the US, the technique became known as the Swedish movement cure
His brother was George Henry Taylor.
George Henry Taylor
1860 published the first American textbook on the Swedish movement cure and established the Improved Movement Cure Institute in New York City
The Taylor brothers introduced the Swedish cure movement to the US and brought massage more into public and medical acceptance
Dr. Johann Mezger
Amsterdam, Holland
1839-1909
Credited with modern massage terminology
Established the practice and art of massage as a scientific subject for physicians in the remedial treatment of disease
Founder of scientific massage
The use of the terms effleurage, petrissage, tapotement
Douglas O. Graham
Boston practitioner and historian of massage
Using Mezger’s terminology, Graham, Benjamin Lee and Charles Mills from Philadelphia published and article in 1874 in US that first used the word Massage
Wrote extensively about the subject from 1874-1925, more than 50 years
A founding member of the American Physical Education Association
Dr. Harvey Kellogg
1852-1943
Ran the battle creek sanitarium in Battle Creek Michigan and wrote extensively on the benefits of massage and hydrotherapy
1929 published The Art of Massage: a practical manual for the nurse, the student, and the practitioner
Author of numerous magazine articles and the editor of the popular magazine Good Health
Albert J Hoffa
German physician
1900 published Technik Der Massage
One of the most basic books in the field and contains many of the techniques used in Swedish massage
Society of Trained Masseuses
England
1894 a group of women formed the Society of Trained Masseuses
1920 the group had grown in members and prestige
Later the society became known as the Chartered Society of Massage and Medical Gymnastics
1964 registered as the Chartered Society of Physiotherapy
Dr. Emil Vodder
Austrian 1897-1986
Him and his wife Astrid developed a method of gentle, rhythmic massage along the superficial lymphatics that aids in lymphatic system functioning and treats chronic lymphedema
Today this system is wildly known and taught as Dr. Vodder’s Manual Lymph Drainage
Elizabeth Dicke
German 1884-1952
1940’s developed Bindegewebsmassage, or Connective Tissue Massage
Later popularized in England by Maria
Ebner
Dr. James H. Cyriax
English orthopedic physician
1905-1985
Credited with popularizing Deep Transverse Friction Massage
Connective tissue massage
Or Bindegewebsmassage
1940’s Elizabeth Dicke
Is massage directed toward the subcutaneous connective tissue, thought to affect vascular and visceral reflexes related to a variety of pathologies and disabilities
Deep transverse friction massage
Is massage that broadens the fibrous tissue of muscles, tendons, or ligaments, breaking down unwanted adhesions and restoring mobility to muscles
Gertrude beard and Frances Tappan
Two American physical therapists who had a major impact on massage therapy in the US.
Tappan’s book; healing massage techniques and Beard’s massage remain as standards in the massage industry
Esalen Institute
Founded in 1962
Big Sur, California
Became a popular center for the burgeoning human potential movement
Some of the early leaders included; Aldous Huxley, Alan Watts, Abraham Maslow, and Fritz Pearls (father of Gestalt)
Moshe Feldenkrais, Milton Trager, and Ida Rolf taught at Esalen
AMTA
American Massage Therapy Association
Formed in 1943
The oldest national professional massage association in the US
Established in Chicago
Polarity therapy
Developed by Randolph Stone (1890-1971)
Uses massage manipulation me derived from Eastern and Western practices
Trager method
Dr. Milton Trager
Uses movement exercise called mental tics and a massage like, gentle shaking of different parts of the body to eliminate and prevent pent-up tensions
Rolfing
developed by Dr. Ida Rolf
Aligns the major body segments through manipulations of the fascia or the connective tissue
Reflexology
Originated with the Chinese
Stimulates particular points on the surface of the body, which in turn affects other areas or organs of the body
Dr. William Fitzgerald is credited with first demonstrating the effects of reflexology in the early 1900s
Eunice Ingham worked for Fitzgerald, and in the 1930s, she systemized the technique that focuses mainly on the hands and feet
Touch for health
Developed by Dr. John Thie
Purpose is to relieve stress on muscles and internal organs
Is a simplified form of applied kinesiology that involves techniques having both Eastern and Western origins
Neuromuscular techniques
Originated in Europe around 1940 with the work of osteopaths Drs. Stanley Lief and Boris Chaitow
A groups of techniques that assess and address soft tissue dysfunction by affecting the neurologic mechanisms that control the muscle
Craniosacral therapy
Developed by Dr. John Upledger
Is a gentle, hands-on method of evaluating and enhancing the functioning of the craniosacral system
