Chapter 5: Skeletal System

Question 1

What are joints?

Answer 1

where two or more bones join together

Question 2

What do CARTILAGES do? (2)

Answer 2

connect some bones; provide smooth surfaces for bone movement

Question 3

What do LIGAMENTS do?

Answer 3

connect bones together

Question 4

What are the functions of the skeleton? (5)

Answer 4

supports the body, protects soft organs, provides leverage for movement, stores minerals and fats, and forms blood cells

Question 5

How many bones does the adult skeleton have?

Answer 5

206

Question 6

What are the two basic types of bone tissue?

Answer 6

Compact bone and Spongy bone

Question 7

What are the four basic shape groups that bones are classified into?

Answer 7

long, flat, short, and irregular

Question 8

What part of the bone makes up for MOST OF THE BONE’S LENGTH?

Answer 8

Diaphysis

Question 9

What are the ENDS of the bone?

Answer 9

Epiphysis

Question 10

What is the outer connective tissue that covers the bone?

Answer 10

Periosteum

Question 11

What covers the end of the bone?

Answer 11

Articular Cartilage

Question 12

What is the function of the ARTICULAR CARTILAGE?

Answer 12

decreases friction at moving joint surfaces

Question 13

What causes lengthwise growth of a long bone?

Answer 13

Epiphyseal plate

Question 14

What is the remnant of the epiphyseal plate founf in adult bones?

Answer 14

Epiphyseal line

Question 15

What is the CELLULAR LINING of the inner surface of the diaphysis?

Answer 15

Endosteum

Question 16

What is the cavity INSIDE the DIAPHYSIS?

Answer 16

Medullary cavity

Question 17

What is the COMPOSITION of a SPONGY bone?

Answer 17

the spongy bone is composed of trabeculae (small, needlelike pieces of bone) and open spaces (which are filled by marrow, blood vessels, and nerves)

Question 18

What is the COMPOSITION of a COMPACT bone?

Answer 18

the compact bones is composed of osteons (columns of dense tissue)

Question 19

What are OSTEOCYTES?

Answer 19

mature bone cells that maintain the bone matrix

Question 20

What are LACUNAE?

Answer 20

small spaces that osteocytes are found in

Question 21

What makes the bone have flexibility and great tensile strength (1/3 of bone mass)

Answer 21

collagen fibers

Question 22

What makes the bone hard (to resist compression); 2/3 of bone mass

Answer 22

calcium salts

Question 23

What is OSSIFICATION?

Answer 23

the process of bone formation

Question 24

What are the two major phases of ossification in long bones?

Answer 24

the process starts within a hyaline cartilage framework, them osteoblasts cover the hyaline cartilage with bone matrix

Question 25

What are OSTEOBLASTS?

Answer 25

bone-forming cells

Question 26

What are the two regions of cartilage that isn't converted into bone?

Answer 26

articular cartilages and epiphyseal plates

Question 27

What ADDS bone matrix to the OUTSIDE of the diaphysis?

Answer 27

osteoblasts in the periosteum

Question 28

What REMOVES bone matrix to the INNER SURFACE of the diaphysis?

Answer 28

osteoclasts in the endosteum

Question 29

What hormones (2) control bone growth?

Answer 29

growth hormones and sex hormones

Question 30

What are the two factors that account for BONE REMODELING?

Answer 30

Calcium ion level and the pull of gravity and muscles

Question 31

What determines WHEN bone matrix is broken down or formed?

Answer 31

Calcium ion levels

Question 32

What determines WHERE bone matrix is broken down or formed?

Answer 32

pull of gravity and muscles

Question 33

What leads to bone matrix FORMATION?

Answer 33

hypercalcemia (excess blood calcium levels)

Question 34

What leads to bone matrix BREAKDOWN?

Answer 34

hypocalcemia (low blood calcium levels)

Question 35

What happens in HYPERCALCEMIA?

Answer 35

parathyroid hormone (PTH) is released and osteoclasts are activated to break down bone matrix and release calcium ion into the blood

Question 36

What happens in HYPOCALCEMIA?

Answer 36

calcitonin is released and osteoblasts prompt calcium storage in bones

Question 37

What is a FRACTURE?

Answer 37

a break in a bone

Question 38

What is a CLOSED fracture?

Answer 38

a break that does not penetrate the skin

Question 39

What is a OPEN fracture?

Answer 39

a broken bone that penetrates through the skin