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Basic Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3: Cells and Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

What are the five parts of the cell theory?

A
  1. basic structural and functional unit of life, 2. all living organisms are composed of one or more cells, 3. activity of organism depends on collective activities of cells, 4. biochemical activities of cells are dictated by structure,5. cells come from pre-existing cells
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2
Q

What are the four main components of a cell?

A

nucleus, cytoplasm, cell/plasma membrane, and organelles

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3
Q

What are the functions of the CELL/PLASMA MEMBRANE? (3)

A

controls movement in and out of cell; separates cells from external environment; provides sensitivity

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4
Q

What is the function of the CYTOPLASM?

A

fluid for chemical reactions

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5
Q

What is the function of the NUCLEUS?

A

protects and organizes DNA

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6
Q

What is the function of the NUCLEOLUS?

A

produces ribosomes

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7
Q

What is the function of the CHROMATIN/CHROMOSOMES?

A

DNA; genetic information

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8
Q

What is the function of the ROUGH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM?

A

location of the protein synthesis

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9
Q

What is the function of the RIBOSOMES?

A

catalyze protein synthesis

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10
Q

What is the function of the SMOOTH ENDOPLASMIC RETICULUM?

A

location of lipid and carbohydrate synthesis

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11
Q

What is the function of the GOLGI BODY/APPARATUS?

A

modification and sorting of ER products (like the ER manager)

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12
Q

What is the function of the MITOCHONDRIA?

A

ATP synthesis via aerobic respiration (the powerhouse of the cell)

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13
Q

What are the functions of the VESICLES? (2)

A

transport and storage of cellular materials; secretion of cell products

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14
Q

What is the function of the LYSOSOMES?

A

vesicles that store digestive enzymes; used for digestion of bacteria and cell components

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15
Q

What are the functions of the CYTOSKELETON? (2)

A

cell structure and organization; internal movement

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16
Q

What is the function of CENTRIOLES?

A

anchor spindles for cell division

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17
Q

What is the function of FLAGELLA?

A

cell movement (in humans, only found in sperm)

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18
Q

What are the functions of CILIA? (2)

A

movement of materials across the cell surface; sensory reception

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19
Q

What is the function of MICROVILLI?

A

increase cell’s surface area for absorption

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20
Q

What is a phospholipid bilayer?

A

two layers of lipids

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21
Q

What makes the cell membrane relatively impermeable to water-soluble molecules?

A

the non-polar “tails” that form the interior of the membrane

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22
Q

What do TRANSPORT proteins do?

A

allow movement of molecules in and out of the cell

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23
Q

What do RECEPTOR proteins do?

A

bind chemical messengers

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24
Q

What do ENZYMES do?

A

catalyze chemical reactions

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25
Q

What do RECOGNITION proteins do?

A

identify cell types

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26
Q

What do ADHESION proteins do?

A

bind cells together

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27
Q

What do TIGHT junctions do?

A

hold cells tightly together

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28
Q

What do DESMOSOMES do ?

A

anchor cells together at specific locations (Desmosomes = Destination)

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29
Q

What do GAP junctions do?

A

form large channels between cells to allow them to communicate for coordination of activity

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30
Q

What are the three membranous organelles that makeup the ENDOMEMBRANE system?

A

Endoplasmic reticulum, golgi apparatus, and vesicles

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31
Q

What is the process of the endomembrane system? (5)

A
  1. proteins are produced in the rough ER, 2. proteins are packaged into vesicles, 3. Vesicles move to the golgi apparatus and merge with it to release contents, 4. proteins are modified and packed into vesicles for final destination, 5. vesicles may store their contents or move to the cell membrane to secrete them
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32
Q

What are the SIX categories that cell fall into?

A

Connecting body parts, Covering/Lining body organ, Moving organs/body parts, Storing nutrients, Gathering Information/Controlling body functions, and Reproducing

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33
Q

What is the difference between CYTOPLASM and EXTRACELLULAR FLUID?

A

Cytoplasm is the fluid INSIDE the cell while Extracellular fluid is the fluid OUTSIDE the cell

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34
Q

What is the PASSIVE process method of transport across the cell membrane?

A

methods which substances are transported across the membrane without any energy input from the cell

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35
Q

What is the ACTIVE process method of transport across the cell membrane?

A

methods which the cell provides the energy (usually ATP) to drive the transport process

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36
Q

What is DIFFUSION?

A

molecules moving from high concentration to low concentration

37
Q

What are the some of the conditions that molecules need to have to pass through by diffusion? (3)

A

if the molecule is small enough, if the molecule is lipid-soluble, and if the molecule is assisted by a membrane carrier

38
Q

What is SIMPLE diffusion?

A

movement directly through the phospholipid bilayer

39
Q

What is OSMOSIS?

A

diffusion of water molecules across a selectively permeable membrane

40
Q

What are the carriers that allow highly polar water molecules to cross membranes?

A

aquaporins

41
Q

What is OSMOLARITY?

A

the percentage of solute in a solution

42
Q

What is the SOLUTION’S TONICITY

A

the comparison of the osmolarity of the extracellular fluid to that of the cytoplasm

43
Q

What are ISOTONIC solutions?

A

when the solute and water concentration are the same

44
Q

What are HYPERTONIC solutions?

A

when there are more solutes than water concentration

45
Q

What are HYPOTONIC solutions?

A

when there are less solutes than water concentration

46
Q

What happens to the appearance of the cell in a ISOTONIC solution?

A

there is no appearance change

47
Q

What happens to the appearance of the cell in a HYPERTONIC solution?

A

the cells shrivel (since water exits the cell to the higher solute)

48
Q

What happens to the appearance of the cell in a HYPOTONIC solution?

A

the cells swell and could possibly explode (since water enter the cell)

49
Q

What is FACILITATED DIFFUSION?

A

the transportation of water-soluble molecules through transport proteins (carrier or channel)

50
Q

What is FILTRATION?

A

when water and solutes are forced through a membrane by hydrostatic (fluid) pressure; critcal for kidneys

51
Q

When are ACTIVE PROCESSES used?

A

if the substance is too large; if the membrane lacks the special protein carriers; if the substance has to move against a concentration gradient

52
Q

What are SOLUTE PUMPS?

A

involved in Active transport, transport carriers that transport amino acids, some sugars, and ions

53
Q

What is VESICULAR TRANSPORT?

A

when substances are moved across the membrane “in bulk” without actually crossing the plasma membrane

54
Q

What are the two types of VESICULAR TRANSPORT?

A

Exocytosis and Endocytosis

55
Q

What is EXOCYTOSIS?

A

a mechanism cells use to actively secrete hormones, mucus, and other product which are then carried in vesicles and emptied outside

56
Q

What is ENDOCYTOSIS?

A

when extracellular substances are engulfed into a vesicle which then fuses with a lysosome

57
Q

What are the two major periods of the life cycle of a cell?

A

Interphase and Cell Division

58
Q

What happens in the INTERPHASE period?

A

the cell grows and carries on day-to-day metabolic processes ( the longest portion of the cell cycle)

59
Q

What are the four types of nitrogen bases of the nucleotides?

A

Adenine, Cytosine, Guanine, and Thymine (All Cats Grow Tails)

60
Q

Adenine always bonds with _____

61
Q

Guanine always bonds with _____

62
Q

What is MITOSIS?

A

division of the nucleus

63
Q

What is CYTOKINESIS?

A

division of the cytoplasm

64
Q

What is a GENE?

A

a DNA segment that carries “instructions” for making a protein

65
Q

What forms an amino acid?

A

3 nitrogen bases (or 1 codon)

66
Q

What are the three distinct stages of PROTEIN SYNTHESIS?

A

Transcription, Translation, then Protein folding

67
Q

What happens in TRANSCRIPTION?

A

occurs in nucleus, gene is copied into mRNA (which produces tRNA) and moves out of nucleus

68
Q

What happens in TRANSLATION?

A

occurs in ribosomes, ribosome reads mRNA and matches appropriate amino acids to the sequence to make a polypeptide chain

69
Q

What happens in PROTEIN FOLDING?

A

the polypeptide folds into its functional shape

70
Q

What are the four primary tissue types?

A

epithelial, connective, muscle, and nervous

71
Q

What is the function of the epithelial tissue?

A

protection, absorption, and secretion (Please Ask Santa)

72
Q

How are epithelial tissue classified?

A

number of cell layers and shape of cells

73
Q

What is glandular epithelia?

A

one or more cells responsible for secreting a particular product

74
Q

What are the two major types of glands?

A

Endocrine glands and Exocrine glands

75
Q

What happens in the ENDOCRINE glands?

A

ductless; secretions (hormones) diffuse into blood vessels

76
Q

What happens in the EXOCRINE glands?

A

secretion empty through ducts to the immediate epithelial surface

77
Q

What the the functions of the CONNECTIVE tissue? (3)

A

protection, support, binding (Please Save Bambi)

78
Q

What are the type of CONNECTIVE tissue? (6)

A

Areolar, Adipose, Dense fibrous, Cartilage, Bone and Blood

79
Q

What are the three types of MUSCLE tissue?

A

skeletal, cardiac, and smooth

80
Q

What does the NERVOUS tissue do?

A

receives and conduct electrochemical impulses to and from body parts

81
Q

What are the two ways tissues are repaired?

A

Regeneration and Fibrous

82
Q

What is REGENERATION?

A

replacement of destroyed tissue with the same kind of cell/tissue

83
Q

What is FIBROUS?

A

repair of dense fibrous connective tissue

84
Q

What is the difference between regeneration and fibrous?

A

With regeneration the repaired tissue may return to full function while in fibrous, the repaired tissue doesn’t return

85
Q

The type of repair depends on _____ and ______

A

type of tissue damaged and severity of injury

86
Q

What are the events of tissue repair? (3)

A

inflammation takes place, granulation tissue forms, then regeneration and fibrous effect permanent repair

87
Q

What are the tissues that regenerate EASILY? (3)

A

epithelial tissue and loose connective tissue/ bone

88
Q

What are tissues that regenerate POORLY? (2)

A

skeletal muscle and cartilage

89
Q

What are the tissues that are replaced largely with SCAR tissue? (2)

A

Cardiac muscle and nervous tissue within the brain and spinal cord

Basic Human Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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