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basic human anatomy and physiology > Chapter 12: Lymphatic System and Immunity > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Lymphatic System and Immunity Flashcards

1
Q

What are the FUNCTIONS (2) of the LYMPHATIC SYSTEM?

A

to transport fluids which escape from the cardiovascular system back to the blood; plays a role in body defense and resistance to disease

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2
Q

During CAPILLARY EXCHANGE, ____ fluid exits the blood than returns

A

More

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3
Q

Why must escaped fluids be returned to the body?

A

so fluid doesn’t accumulate in the tissues, causing edema

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4
Q

What is the function of LYMPHATIC VESSELS?

A

pick up excess fluid from the body’s tissues and return it to the blood by forming a one-way system

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5
Q

What are LYMPH CAPILLARIES?

A

the point of entry into lymphatic circulation

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6
Q

WHY do capillary walls overlap?

A

to form mini-valves in order to prevent backflow of lymph into the tissue space

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7
Q

What are the functions (2) of LYMPHATIC COLLECTING VESSELS?

A

collect lymph from lymph capillaries and carry them to and from lymph nodes; return fluid to circulatory veins near the heart

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8
Q

What does the RIGHT LYMPHATIC DUCT drain?

A

lymph from the right arm and right side of the head and thorax

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9
Q

What does the THORACIC DUCT drain?

A

lymph from the rest of the body

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10
Q

How are lymphatic vessels similar to VEINS of the cardiovascular system?

A

they both have thin walls, the larger vessels have valves, and they have low pressure without a pump

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11
Q

Lymph transport is AIDED by (3):

A

milking action of surrounding skeletal muscles, pressure changes in the thorax, and smooth muscle in walls of lymphatics

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12
Q

What is the function of LYMPH NODES?

A

to filter lymph before it is returned to the blood

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13
Q

What are some of the things LYMPH NODES filter out (4)?

A

cell debris, bacteria, viruses, and cancer cells

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14
Q

What are the two important IMMUNE CELLS that lymph nodes contain?

A

macrophages and lymphocytes

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15
Q

What is the function of MACROPHAGES?

A

to engulf and destroy cell debris, bacteria, viruses, and other foreign substances in lymph

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16
Q

What is the function of LYMPHOCYTES?

A

to respond to foreign substance in lymph

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17
Q

What other LYMPHOID ORGANS (7) contribute to lymphatic function?

A

tonsils, thymus, red bone marrow, spleen , mucosa-associated lymphoid tissue (MALT), peyer’s patches, and appendix

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18
Q

What is the function of TONSILS?

A

to trap and remove bacteria and other foreign substances

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19
Q

Where is the location of T-CELL DEVELOPMENT?

A

in the thymus

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20
Q

The THYMUS functions at peak level only during ______?

A

youth; degenerates in adulthood

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21
Q

Where is LEUKOCYTE PRODUCED?

A

Red bone marrow

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22
Q

What are the functions (4) of the SPLEEN?

A

to filter and clean blood of bacteria, viruses, and cellular debris; destroys worn-out red blood cells; forms blood cells in the fetus; and acts as a blood reservoir

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23
Q

What is MUCOSA-ASSOCIATED LYMPHOID TISSUES (MALT)?

A

concentration of macropahges and lymphocytes below the mucosal surfaces of the respiratory, digestive, urinary and reproductive tracts

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24
Q

What does MALT include (2)?

A

peyer’s patches in the small intestine and appendix

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25
Q

What is the function of MALT?

A

acts as a sentinel to protect the respiratory and digestive tracts when the surface is breeched

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26
Q

What is IMMUNITY?

A

the ability to recognize infectious agents and defend against them

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27
Q

What are the two MECHANISMS that make up the immune system’s defense against foreign agents?

A

innate (nonspecific) defenses and adaptive (specific) defense

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28
Q

Why are INNATE DEFENSES “non-specific”?

A

innate immunity includes mechanisms which protect against a variety of invaders

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29
Q

Which immune system defense mechanism is the first to respond?

A

the innate defense

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30
Q

What other mechanisms (2) does INNATE immunity include?

A

surface barriers and internal defense mechanisms

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31
Q

Why is ADAPTIVE IMMUNITY “specific”?

A

it has the ability to identify specific invaders (that get past the innate system)

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32
Q

How does ADAPTIVE immunity IMPROVE?

A

with exposure

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33
Q

What other mechanisms (3) does the ADAPTIVE immunity include?

A

lymphocytes, antibodies, antigen-presenting cells

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34
Q

What happens is the SURFACE BARRIER is BREECHED?

A

Internal defenses immediately respond

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35
Q

What are the three INTERNAL DEFENSES?

A

Inflammation, Phagocytes, and Fever

36
Q

What are the FUNCTIONS (4) of the INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE?

A

prevents the spread of damaging agents; dispose of cell debris and pathogens through phagocytosis; increases metabolic rate to help fight infections; sets the stage for tissue repair

37
Q

What are the four common INDICATORS of acute INFLAMMATION?

A

redness, heat, pain, and swelling (edema)

38
Q

What is the PROCESS of the INFLAMMATORY RESPONSE? (3)

A
  1. Neutrophils migrate to the area of inflammation by rolling along the vessel wall; 2. Neutrophils squeeze through the capillary walls by diapedesis to sites of inflammation; 3. Neutrophils gather in the precise site of tissue injury and consume any foreign material present
39
Q

The HYPOTHALAMUS regulates body temperature at ______

A

37C (98.6F)

40
Q

High temperatures INHIBIT the release of _____ and _____

A

iron and zinc (from the liver and spleen)

41
Q

The hypothalamus thermostat can be reset higher by ______

A

pyrogens

42
Q

Fever increases the speed of _____ and ______

A

immune response and repair processes

43
Q

What are ADAPTIVE BODY DEFENSES?

A

the body’s specific defense system or third line of defense

44
Q

What are the three aspects of ADAPTIVE DEFENSE
?

A

Antigen-specific; systemic; and memory

45
Q

What is the ANTIGEN-SPECIFIC aspect of Adaptive Defense?

A

the adaptive defense recognize and act against particular foreign substances

46
Q

What is the SYSTEMIC aspect of Adaptive Defense?

A

immunity is not restricted to the initial infection site

47
Q

What is the MEMORY aspect of Adaptive Defense?

A

the adaptive defenses recognize and mount a stronger attack on previously encountered pathogens

48
Q

What is ANTIBODY-MEDIATED immunity?

A

immunity provided by antibodies present in body fluids

49
Q

What is CELL-MEDIATED immunity?

A

immunity by T cells targeting virus-infected cells, cancer cells, and cells of foreign grafts

50
Q

What are ANTIGENS?

A

any substances capable of exciting the immune system and provoking an immune response

51
Q

What are six examples of NON-SELF ANTIGENS?

A

foreign proteins (provoke the strongest response), nucleic acids, large carbohydrates, some lipids, pollen grains, and microorganisms

52
Q

What do LYMPHOCYTES do in the Adaptive Defense System?

A

respond to specific antigens

53
Q

What do B-CELLS do in the Adaptive Defense System?

A

produce antibodies and are responsible for antibody-mediated immunity

54
Q

What do T-CELLS do in the Adaptive Defense System

A

constitute the cell-mediated arm of the adaptive defenses

55
Q

What do ANTIGEN-PRESENTING CELLS (APCs) do in the Adaptive Defense System?

A

help the lymphocytes, but do not respond to specific antigens

56
Q

What is IMMUNOCOMPETENCE?

A

the capability to respond to a specific antigen by binding to it with antigen-specific receptors that appear on the lymphocyte’s surface

57
Q

Where are LYMPHOCYTES produced?

A

in red bone marrow

58
Q

Where are B-CELLS produced?

A

in bone marrow

59
Q

Where are T-CELLS produced?

A

in the thymus

60
Q

What two major types of cells behave as APCs?

A

Dendritic cells and macrophages

61
Q

What is the function of APCs?

A

engulfing antigens, then present fragments of them on their own surfaces

62
Q

What CHEMICAL is released when APCs activate T-CELLS?

A

cytokines

63
Q

What is the function of CYTOKINES?

A

to coordinate immune activity

64
Q

The antibody response is ____ and ____ for the first response?

A

slow and weak

65
Q

What are the two major PATHWAYS that adaptive immunity can be acquired through?

A

active immunity and passive immunity

66
Q

When does ACTIVE immunity occur?

A

when B cells encounter antigens and produce antibodies

67
Q

How is ACTIVE immunity NATURALLY acquired?

A

during bacterial and viral infections

68
Q

How is ACTIVE immunity ARTIFICIALLY acquired?

A

from vaccines

69
Q

When does PASSIVE immunity occur?

A

when antibodies are obtained from someone else

70
Q

How is PASSIVE immunity NATURALLY acquired?

A

from mother by the fetus during gestation or in breast milk

71
Q

How is PASSIVE immunity ARTIFICIALLY acquired?

A

from immune serum or gamma globulin

72
Q

What is the STRUCTURE of ANTIBODIES?

A

four polypeptide chains form a Y-shaped molecule

73
Q

What do the ARMS of the antibody contain?

A

specific antigen-binding sites

74
Q

What does the BASE of the antibody do?

A

bind macrophages (only when antigen is bound to ABS

75
Q

What are the five CLASSES of antibodies?

A

IgM, IgD, IgG, IgA, and IgE

76
Q

What two ANTIBODY CLASSES are BOUND TO B CELL MEMBRANES

A

IgM and IgD

77
Q

Which antibody class is the PRIMARY SERUM ANTIBODY?

A

IgG

78
Q

Which antibody class is found mainly is SECRETIONS?

A

IgA

79
Q

Which antibody class is involved in ALLERGIES?

A

IgE

80
Q

What do T LYMPHOCYTES do for the immune system?

A

directly engage infected, cancerous, or abnormal host cells

81
Q

What are the two major classes of EFFECTOR T CELLS?

A

Helper T-Cells and Cytotoxic T-Cells

82
Q

What is the function of HELPER T-CELLS?

A

recruit other cells to fight invaders

83
Q

What is the function of CYTOTOXIC T-CELLS?

A

killing infected or abnormal cells

84
Q

How does cytotoxic t-cells kill infected/abnormal cells?

A

by secreting perforin and granzyme molecule on to thre affected cell

85
Q

What is the function of PERFORIN?

A

to form pores on the cell’s cell membrane

86
Q

What is the function for GRANZYME?

A

to enter the abnormal cell and trigger its death

basic human anatomy and physiology (9 decks)

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