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Basic Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membrane > Flashcards

Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membrane Flashcards

1
Q

What do body membranes do for the body (3)?

A

Cover body surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs

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2
Q

The connective tissue is ____ to the epithelial layer

A

deep

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3
Q

How are body membranes classified?

A

by their primary structure

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4
Q

What are the four main types of body membranes?

A

Cutaneous membrane, Mucous Membrane, Serous Membrane and Synovial Membrane

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5
Q

What is the CUTANEOUS membrane?

A

skin

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6
Q

What is the FUNCTION of the CUTANEOUS membrane?

A

serves as the outermost protective boundary of the body

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7
Q

What is the CONSTRUCTION of the CUTANEOUS membrane?

A

the epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the dermis is mostly dense connective tissue

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8
Q

What is the MUCOUS membrane?

A

a moist membrane that lines all body cavities that OPEN to the exterior body surface

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9
Q

What was the MUCOUS membrane adapted for?

A

absorption and/or secretion

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10
Q

What is the MUCOUS membrane important for?

A

trapping microbes and particulate matter

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11
Q

What is the CONSTRUCTION of the MUCOUS membrane?

A

epithelium type depends on site, loose connective tissue

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12
Q

What is the SEROUS membrane?

A

a membrane that line body cavities that are CLOSED to the exterior of the body

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13
Q

What are the two layers of the SEROUS membrane?

A

An outer parietal layer (which lines the cavity wall), and an inner visceral layer (which lines the internal organ)

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14
Q

What is the CONSTRUCTION of the SEROUS membrane?

A

a simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue

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15
Q

What are SEROUS membranes important for?

A

reducing friction of moving organs against the cavity wall and their surrounding organs

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16
Q

What is the Pericardium membrane?

A

a serous membrane that surround the heart

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17
Q

What is the Pluera membrane?

A

a serous membrane that surrounds the lungs

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18
Q

What is the Peritoneum membrane?

A

a serous membrane that surround the abdominal organs

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19
Q

What is the synovial membrane?

A

a membrane which line fibrous capsules surrounding joints, also lines bursae and tendon sheaths

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20
Q

What does the synovial membrane do for the body?

A

secretes a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity

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21
Q

What does the Integumentary system consists of? (6)

A

Skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails, and tactile receptors

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22
Q

What are the several protective function the skin provides? (9)

A

protects deeper tissue from mechanical damage, chemical damage, microbe damage, UV radiation, thermal damage, desiccation, and aids in heat loss/heat retention, excretion of urea and uric acid, and synthesizing vitamin D

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23
Q

How does the skin protect the body from MECHANICAL damage?

A

the physical barrier contains keratin (toughens cells), fat cells (to cushion blows), and both pressure and pain receptors (alert the nervous system of possible damage)

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24
Q

How does the skin protect the body from CHEMICAL damage?

A

the skin has relatively impermeable keratinized cells and contain pain receptors (to alert the nervous system of possible damage)

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25
Q

How does the skin protect the body from MICROBE damage?

A

the skin has an unbroken surface and “acid mantle”; also phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and pathogens (preventing them from penetrating into deeper body tissues)

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26
Q

How does the skin protect the body from UV radiation?

A

melanin is produced by melanocytes offers protection from UV damage

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27
Q

How does the skin protect the body from THERMAL damage?

A

by having heat/cold/pain receptors

28
Q

How does the skin protect the body from DESICCATION (drying out)

A

the skin contains a water-resistant glycolipid and keratin

29
Q

How does the skin AID the body from HEAT LOSS?

A

by activating sweat glands and by allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds so that heat can radiate from the skin surface

30
Q

How does the skin AID the body from HEAT RETENTION?

A

by not allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds

31
Q

How does the skin synthesize Vitamin D?

A

the skin has modified cholesterol molecules in skin converted to vitamin D in the presence of sunlight

32
Q

What are the two major tissue layers the make up the skin?

A

the epidermis (superficial layer) and dermis (deep layer)

33
Q

What is the hypodermis?

A

a subcutaneous layer that anchors the skin to underlying organs

34
Q

What does the hypodermis do?

A

serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues

35
Q

What are the five distinct strata of the epidermis (deep to superficial)?

A

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (thick skin only), startum corneum

36
Q

What happens in the stratum BASALE?

A

cells undergo mitosis to produce new keratinocytes, and push daughters cells to become more superficial layers

37
Q

What happens in the Stratum SPINOSUM?

A

cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized

38
Q

What happens in the Stratum GRANULOSUM?

A

cells are granulized with keratin; they are near death

39
Q

What happens in the Stratum LUCIDUM?

A

formed from dead cells of the deeper strata; occurs ONLY in thick, hairless skin like palms or soles

40
Q

What happens in Stratum CORNEUM?

A

shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (also the outermost layer of the epidermis

41
Q

What are the five epidermal cells? (5)

A

keratinocytes, Dendritic cells, Melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Stem cells

42
Q

Where are KERATINOCYTES located?

A

all layers except stratum basale

43
Q

What is the function of KERATINOCYTES?

A

provide waterproof characteristics (most protective when cells are dead)

44
Q

Where are DENDRITIC CELL located?

A

stratum spinosum

45
Q

What is the function of DENDRITIC CELLS?

A

alert/activate immune cells to an infection

46
Q

Where are MELANOCYTES located?

A

stratum basale

47
Q

What is the function of MELANOCYTES?

A

melanin protects the skin from UV damage

48
Q

Where are MERKEL CELLS located?

A

stratum basale

49
Q

What is the function of MERKEL CELLS?

A

light touch receptors

50
Q

Where are STEM CELLS located?

A

stratum basale

51
Q

What is the function of STEM CELLS?

A

produce new cells via mitosis

52
Q

What is the DERMIS composed of?

A

connective tissue

53
Q

What are the two layers in the DERMIS?

A

papillary layer and reticular layer

54
Q

The PAPILLARY layer is the ______ dermal layer

A

upper

55
Q

What do the DERMAL PAPILLAE do in the papillary layer?

A

they indent the epidermis, they also increase friction and gripping ability

56
Q

The RETICULAR layer is the ______ dermal layer

A

lower

57
Q

What are four of the skin appendages is the RETICULAR layer?

A

base of hair follicles, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors

58
Q

What are the three pigments that contribute to skin color?

A

Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin

59
Q

What is MELANIN?

A

yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments; typically for skin and hair color

60
Q

What is CAROTENE?

A

orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

61
Q

What is HEMOGLOBIN?

A

red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries

62
Q

What causes REDNESS?

A

embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

63
Q

What causes PALLOR?

A

emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

64
Q

What does JAUNDICE indicate?

A

liver disorder

65
Q

What causes BRUISES?

A

hematomas in the dermis

66
Q

All cutaneous glands are all _______ glands

A

exocrine glands

67
Q

What are the two major types of glands?

A

sebaceous glands and sweat glands

Basic Human Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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