Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membrane Flashcards
What do body membranes do for the body (3)?
Cover body surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs
The connective tissue is ____ to the epithelial layer
deep
How are body membranes classified?
by their primary structure
What are the four main types of body membranes?
Cutaneous membrane, Mucous Membrane, Serous Membrane and Synovial Membrane
What is the CUTANEOUS membrane?
skin
What is the FUNCTION of the CUTANEOUS membrane?
serves as the outermost protective boundary of the body
What is the CONSTRUCTION of the CUTANEOUS membrane?
the epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the dermis is mostly dense connective tissue
What is the MUCOUS membrane?
a moist membrane that lines all body cavities that OPEN to the exterior body surface
What was the MUCOUS membrane adapted for?
absorption and/or secretion
What is the MUCOUS membrane important for?
trapping microbes and particulate matter
What is the CONSTRUCTION of the MUCOUS membrane?
epithelium type depends on site, loose connective tissue
What is the SEROUS membrane?
a membrane that line body cavities that are CLOSED to the exterior of the body
What are the two layers of the SEROUS membrane?
An outer parietal layer (which lines the cavity wall), and an inner visceral layer (which lines the internal organ)
What is the CONSTRUCTION of the SEROUS membrane?
a simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue
What are SEROUS membranes important for?
reducing friction of moving organs against the cavity wall and their surrounding organs
What is the Pericardium membrane?
a serous membrane that surround the heart
What is the Pluera membrane?
a serous membrane that surrounds the lungs
What is the Peritoneum membrane?
a serous membrane that surround the abdominal organs
What is the synovial membrane?
a membrane which line fibrous capsules surrounding joints, also lines bursae and tendon sheaths
What does the synovial membrane do for the body?
secretes a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity
What does the Integumentary system consists of? (6)
Skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails, and tactile receptors
What are the several protective function the skin provides? (9)
protects deeper tissue from mechanical damage, chemical damage, microbe damage, UV radiation, thermal damage, desiccation, and aids in heat loss/heat retention, excretion of urea and uric acid, and synthesizing vitamin D
How does the skin protect the body from MECHANICAL damage?
the physical barrier contains keratin (toughens cells), fat cells (to cushion blows), and both pressure and pain receptors (alert the nervous system of possible damage)
How does the skin protect the body from CHEMICAL damage?
the skin has relatively impermeable keratinized cells and contain pain receptors (to alert the nervous system of possible damage)
How does the skin protect the body from MICROBE damage?
the skin has an unbroken surface and “acid mantle”; also phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and pathogens (preventing them from penetrating into deeper body tissues)
How does the skin protect the body from UV radiation?
melanin is produced by melanocytes offers protection from UV damage
How does the skin protect the body from THERMAL damage?
by having heat/cold/pain receptors
How does the skin protect the body from DESICCATION (drying out)
the skin contains a water-resistant glycolipid and keratin
How does the skin AID the body from HEAT LOSS?
by activating sweat glands and by allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds so that heat can radiate from the skin surface
How does the skin AID the body from HEAT RETENTION?
by not allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds
How does the skin synthesize Vitamin D?
the skin has modified cholesterol molecules in skin converted to vitamin D in the presence of sunlight
What are the two major tissue layers the make up the skin?
the epidermis (superficial layer) and dermis (deep layer)
What is the hypodermis?
a subcutaneous layer that anchors the skin to underlying organs
What does the hypodermis do?
serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues
What are the five distinct strata of the epidermis (deep to superficial)?
stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (thick skin only), startum corneum
What happens in the stratum BASALE?
cells undergo mitosis to produce new keratinocytes, and push daughters cells to become more superficial layers
What happens in the Stratum SPINOSUM?
cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized
What happens in the Stratum GRANULOSUM?
cells are granulized with keratin; they are near death
What happens in the Stratum LUCIDUM?
formed from dead cells of the deeper strata; occurs ONLY in thick, hairless skin like palms or soles
What happens in Stratum CORNEUM?
shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (also the outermost layer of the epidermis
What are the five epidermal cells? (5)
keratinocytes, Dendritic cells, Melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Stem cells
Where are KERATINOCYTES located?
all layers except stratum basale
What is the function of KERATINOCYTES?
provide waterproof characteristics (most protective when cells are dead)
Where are DENDRITIC CELL located?
stratum spinosum
What is the function of DENDRITIC CELLS?
alert/activate immune cells to an infection
Where are MELANOCYTES located?
stratum basale
What is the function of MELANOCYTES?
melanin protects the skin from UV damage
Where are MERKEL CELLS located?
stratum basale
What is the function of MERKEL CELLS?
light touch receptors
Where are STEM CELLS located?
stratum basale
What is the function of STEM CELLS?
produce new cells via mitosis
What is the DERMIS composed of?
connective tissue
What are the two layers in the DERMIS?
papillary layer and reticular layer
The PAPILLARY layer is the ______ dermal layer
upper
What do the DERMAL PAPILLAE do in the papillary layer?
they indent the epidermis, they also increase friction and gripping ability
The RETICULAR layer is the ______ dermal layer
lower
What are four of the skin appendages is the RETICULAR layer?
base of hair follicles, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors
What are the three pigments that contribute to skin color?
Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin
What is MELANIN?
yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments; typically for skin and hair color
What is CAROTENE?
orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables
What is HEMOGLOBIN?
red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries
What causes REDNESS?
embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy
What causes PALLOR?
emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area
What does JAUNDICE indicate?
liver disorder
What causes BRUISES?
hematomas in the dermis
All cutaneous glands are all _______ glands
exocrine glands
What are the two major types of glands?
sebaceous glands and sweat glands
