Chapter 4: Skin and Body Membrane

Question 1

What do body membranes do for the body (3)?

Answer 1

Cover body surfaces, line body cavities, and form protective sheets around organs

Question 2

The connective tissue is ____ to the epithelial layer

Answer 2

deep

Question 3

How are body membranes classified?

Answer 3

by their primary structure

Question 4

What are the four main types of body membranes?

Answer 4

Cutaneous membrane, Mucous Membrane, Serous Membrane and Synovial Membrane

Question 5

What is the CUTANEOUS membrane?

Answer 5

skin

Question 6

What is the FUNCTION of the CUTANEOUS membrane?

Answer 6

serves as the outermost protective boundary of the body

Question 7

What is the CONSTRUCTION of the CUTANEOUS membrane?

Answer 7

the epidermis is composed of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium, the dermis is mostly dense connective tissue

Question 8

What is the MUCOUS membrane?

Answer 8

a moist membrane that lines all body cavities that OPEN to the exterior body surface

Question 9

What was the MUCOUS membrane adapted for?

Answer 9

absorption and/or secretion

Question 10

What is the MUCOUS membrane important for?

Answer 10

trapping microbes and particulate matter

Question 11

What is the CONSTRUCTION of the MUCOUS membrane?

Answer 11

epithelium type depends on site, loose connective tissue

Question 12

What is the SEROUS membrane?

Answer 12

a membrane that line body cavities that are CLOSED to the exterior of the body

Question 13

What are the two layers of the SEROUS membrane?

Answer 13

An outer parietal layer (which lines the cavity wall), and an inner visceral layer (which lines the internal organ)

Question 14

What is the CONSTRUCTION of the SEROUS membrane?

Answer 14

a simple squamous epithelium and areolar connective tissue

Question 15

What are SEROUS membranes important for?

Answer 15

reducing friction of moving organs against the cavity wall and their surrounding organs

Question 16

What is the Pericardium membrane?

Answer 16

a serous membrane that surround the heart

Question 17

What is the Pluera membrane?

Answer 17

a serous membrane that surrounds the lungs

Question 18

What is the Peritoneum membrane?

Answer 18

a serous membrane that surround the abdominal organs

Question 19

What is the synovial membrane?

Answer 19

a membrane which line fibrous capsules surrounding joints, also lines bursae and tendon sheaths

Question 20

What does the synovial membrane do for the body?

Answer 20

secretes a lubricating fluid to cushion organs moving against each other during muscle activity

Question 21

What does the Integumentary system consists of? (6)

Answer 21

Skin, sweat glands, oil glands, hair, nails, and tactile receptors

Question 22

What are the several protective function the skin provides? (9)

Answer 22

protects deeper tissue from mechanical damage, chemical damage, microbe damage, UV radiation, thermal damage, desiccation, and aids in heat loss/heat retention, excretion of urea and uric acid, and synthesizing vitamin D

Question 23

How does the skin protect the body from MECHANICAL damage?

Answer 23

the physical barrier contains keratin (toughens cells), fat cells (to cushion blows), and both pressure and pain receptors (alert the nervous system of possible damage)

Question 24

How does the skin protect the body from CHEMICAL damage?

Answer 24

the skin has relatively impermeable keratinized cells and contain pain receptors (to alert the nervous system of possible damage)

Question 25

How does the skin protect the body from MICROBE damage?

Answer 25

the skin has an unbroken surface and "acid mantle"; also phagocytes that ingest foreign substances and pathogens (preventing them from penetrating into deeper body tissues)

Question 26

How does the skin protect the body from UV radiation?

Answer 26

melanin is produced by melanocytes offers protection from UV damage

Question 27

How does the skin protect the body from THERMAL damage?

Answer 27

by having heat/cold/pain receptors

Question 28

How does the skin protect the body from DESICCATION (drying out)

Answer 28

the skin contains a water-resistant glycolipid and keratin

Question 29

How does the skin AID the body from HEAT LOSS?

Answer 29

by activating sweat glands and by allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds so that heat can radiate from the skin surface

Question 30

How does the skin AID the body from HEAT RETENTION?

Answer 30

by not allowing blood to flush into skin capillary beds

Question 31

How does the skin synthesize Vitamin D?

Answer 31

the skin has modified cholesterol molecules in skin converted to vitamin D in the presence of sunlight

Question 32

What are the two major tissue layers the make up the skin?

Answer 32

the epidermis (superficial layer) and dermis (deep layer)

Question 33

What is the hypodermis?

Answer 33

a subcutaneous layer that anchors the skin to underlying organs

Question 34

What does the hypodermis do?

Answer 34

serves as a shock absorber and insulates deeper tissues

Question 35

What are the five distinct strata of the epidermis (deep to superficial)?

Answer 35

stratum basale, stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum, stratum lucidum (thick skin only), startum corneum

Question 36

What happens in the stratum BASALE?

Answer 36

cells undergo mitosis to produce new keratinocytes, and push daughters cells to become more superficial layers

Question 37

What happens in the Stratum SPINOSUM?

Answer 37

cells become increasingly flatter and more keratinized

Question 38

What happens in the Stratum GRANULOSUM?

Answer 38

cells are granulized with keratin; they are near death

Question 39

What happens in the Stratum LUCIDUM?

Answer 39

formed from dead cells of the deeper strata; occurs ONLY in thick, hairless skin like palms or soles

Question 40

What happens in Stratum CORNEUM?

Answer 40

shingle-like dead cells are filled with keratin (also the outermost layer of the epidermis

Question 41

What are the five epidermal cells? (5)

Answer 41

keratinocytes, Dendritic cells, Melanocytes, Merkel cells, and Stem cells

Question 42

Where are KERATINOCYTES located?

Answer 42

all layers except stratum basale

Question 43

What is the function of KERATINOCYTES?

Answer 43

provide waterproof characteristics (most protective when cells are dead)

Question 44

Where are DENDRITIC CELL located?

Answer 44

stratum spinosum

Question 45

What is the function of DENDRITIC CELLS?

Answer 45

alert/activate immune cells to an infection

Question 46

Where are MELANOCYTES located?

Answer 46

stratum basale

Question 47

What is the function of MELANOCYTES?

Answer 47

melanin protects the skin from UV damage

Question 48

Where are MERKEL CELLS located?

Answer 48

stratum basale

Question 49

What is the function of MERKEL CELLS?

Answer 49

light touch receptors

Question 50

Where are STEM CELLS located?

Answer 50

stratum basale

Question 51

What is the function of STEM CELLS?

Answer 51

produce new cells via mitosis

Question 52

What is the DERMIS composed of?

Answer 52

connective tissue

Question 53

What are the two layers in the DERMIS?

Answer 53

papillary layer and reticular layer

Question 54

The PAPILLARY layer is the ______ dermal layer

Answer 54

upper

Question 55

What do the DERMAL PAPILLAE do in the papillary layer?

Answer 55

they indent the epidermis, they also increase friction and gripping ability

Question 56

The RETICULAR layer is the ______ dermal layer

Answer 56

lower

Question 57

What are four of the skin appendages is the RETICULAR layer?

Answer 57

base of hair follicles, blood vessels, sweat and oil glands, and deep pressure receptors

Question 58

What are the three pigments that contribute to skin color?

Answer 58

Melanin, Carotene, and Hemoglobin

Question 59

What is MELANIN?

Answer 59

yellow, reddish brown, or black pigments; typically for skin and hair color

Question 60

What is CAROTENE?

Answer 60

orange-yellow pigment from some vegetables

Question 61

What is HEMOGLOBIN?

Answer 61

red coloring from blood cells in dermal capillaries

Question 62

What causes REDNESS?

Answer 62

embarrassment, inflammation, hypertension, fever, or allergy

Question 63

What causes PALLOR?

Answer 63

emotional stress, anemia, low blood pressure, impaired blood flow to an area

Question 64

What does JAUNDICE indicate?

Answer 64

liver disorder

Question 65

What causes BRUISES?

Answer 65

hematomas in the dermis

Question 66

All cutaneous glands are all _______ glands

Answer 66

exocrine glands

Question 67

What are the two major types of glands?

Answer 67

sebaceous glands and sweat glands