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Basic Human Anatomy and Physiology > Chapter 10: Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 10: Blood Flashcards

1
Q

What is the FUNCTION of blood?

A

to transport substances that must be carried from one place to another

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2
Q

What are some of the SUBSTANCES that blood transports (7)

A

nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, hormones, immune components, body heat, and medications

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3
Q

What are the two PRIMARY COMPONENTS in BLOOD?

A

formed elements (living cells) and plasma (nonliving fluid matrix)

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4
Q

What happens when blood is separated in a centrifuge?

A

erythrocytes sink to the bottom (due to iron in hemoglobin), with a buffy coat separating the erythrocytes and the plasma

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5
Q

What does the BUFFY COAT contain (2)?

A

leukocytes and platelets

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6
Q

What PERCENTAGE of PLASMA is in the blood?

A

55%

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7
Q

What PERCENTAGE of BUFFY COAT is in the blood?

A

less than 1%

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8
Q

What PERCENTAGE OF ERYTHROCYTES is in the blood?

A

45%

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9
Q

What is the COLOR RANGE of oxygen-RICH blood?

A

bright scarlet red

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10
Q

What is the COLOR RANGE of oxygen-POOR blood?

A

dull red

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11
Q

What is the average blood pH?

A

between 7.35 and 7.45

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12
Q

What is the average TEMPERATURE of blood?

A

38C (100.4F)

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13
Q

How many LITERS of blood is found in a healthy adult?

A

5 liters

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14
Q

T/F: adult females average higher volumes and values of blood that adult males

A

False

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15
Q

What PERCENTAGE of PLASMA is WATER?

A

90%

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16
Q

What are all the SALTS/ELECTROLYTES included in PLASMA (5)?

A

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Chloride Bicarbonate

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17
Q

What is the FUNCTION of the SALTS in PLASMA (3)?

A

osmotic balance; pH buffering; regulation of membrane permeability

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18
Q

What are the PLASMA PROTEINS found in plasma (3)?

A

Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulins

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19
Q

What is the FUNCTIONS of ALBUMIN (2)?

A

osmotic balance; pH buffering

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20
Q

What is the FUNCTION of FIBRINOGEN?

A

clotting of blood

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21
Q

What is the FUNCTION of GLOBULINS?

A

defense (antibodies) and lipid transport

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22
Q

When does the LIVER make more PLASMA PROTEINS?

A

when the plasma protein level drops

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23
Q

What happens when the blood becomes too ACIDIC or ALKALINE?

A

the respiratory and urinary systems restore blood pH to normal

24
Q

What does URINARY FUNCTION adjust?

A

plasma ion levels

25
Q

What are ERYTHROCYTES?

A

red blood cells (RBCs)

26
Q

What are LEUKOCYTES?

A

white blood cells (WBCs)

27
Q

What are PLATELETS?

A

cell fragments

28
Q

What is the MAIN FUNCTION of ERYTHROCYTES?

A

transporting oxygen to the body’s cells; also transport carbon dioxide

29
Q

What are the CHARACTERISITICS of RBCs (4)?

A

no nucleus or mitochondria; few organelles; “bags” of hemoglobin; biconcave shape

30
Q

What is the NORMAL RBC COUNT in blood?

A

~ 5 million per cubic millimeter

31
Q

What is a HEMOGLOBIN?

A

an iron-bearing protein

32
Q

What does a HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE do?

A

it binds oxygen reversibly ( binding it at the lungs, then releasing it when RBCs reach the body’s cells)

33
Q

How many OXYGEN MOLECULES can HEMOGLOBIN bind to?

A

4 oxygen molecules

34
Q

How much of HEMOGLOBIN is in average count of blood?

A

12 - 18g of Hb per 100 millimeters of blood

35
Q

What is ANEMIA?

A

a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

36
Q

What is POLYCYTHEMIA?

A

a disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBCs

37
Q

What may cause POLYCYTHEMIA (3)?

A

bone marrow cancer; life at higher altitudes; and blood doping in athletes

38
Q

What does HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA result from?

A

sudden hemorrhage

39
Q

What does HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA result from?

A

lysis of RBCs as a result of bacteria infection

40
Q

What does PERNICIOUS ANEMIA result from?

A

lack of vitamin B12

41
Q

What does APLASTIC ANEMIA result from?

A

depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications

42
Q

What does IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA result from?

A

lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding

43
Q

What is the DIRECT CAUSE of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA?

A

inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs

44
Q

What does SICKLE CELL ANEMIA?

A

genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin

45
Q

What do LEUKOCYTES do for the body?

A

defend the body against infectious disease and cancer

46
Q

What is DIAPEDESIS?

A

a process in which leukocytes are able to move in and out of blood cells

47
Q

What is POSITIVE CHEMOTAXIS?

A

leukocyte’s response to chemicals released by damaged tissues

48
Q

How do LEUKOCYTES MOVE?

A

by amoeboid motion

49
Q

What are the 5 types of LEUKOCYTES?

A

neutrophils; monocytes/macrophages; basophils; eosinophils; lymphocytes

50
Q

What is the FUNCTION of NEUTROPHILS?

A

(dedicated phagocytes) exit the blood to engulf pathogens and cellular debris at site of trauma/infection

51
Q

What is the FUNCTION of MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES?

A

(monocytes) circulate in the blood; (macrophages) perform phagocytosis

52
Q

What is the FUNCTION of BASOPHILS?

A

trigger inflammation through histamine disease

53
Q

What is the FUNCTION of EOSINOPHILS?

A

kills parasitic worms; plays a role in allergic reactions

54
Q

What is the FUNCTION of LYMPHOCYTES?

A

function in the adaptive immune response

55
Q

What is LEUKOCYTOSIS?

A

high WBC count (generally indicated an infection or cancer)

56
Q

What is LEUKOPENIA?

A

abnormally low WBC count (commonly caused by certain drugs, like corticosteroids and anticancer agents)

57
Q

What is LEUKEMIA?

A

when bone marrow becomes cancerous; numerous immature WBCs are produced

Basic Human Anatomy and Physiology (9 decks)

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