Chapter 10: Blood Flashcards
What is the FUNCTION of blood?
to transport substances that must be carried from one place to another
What are some of the SUBSTANCES that blood transports (7)
nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, hormones, immune components, body heat, and medications
What are the two PRIMARY COMPONENTS in BLOOD?
formed elements (living cells) and plasma (nonliving fluid matrix)
What happens when blood is separated in a centrifuge?
erythrocytes sink to the bottom (due to iron in hemoglobin), with a buffy coat separating the erythrocytes and the plasma
What does the BUFFY COAT contain (2)?
leukocytes and platelets
What PERCENTAGE of PLASMA is in the blood?
55%
What PERCENTAGE of BUFFY COAT is in the blood?
less than 1%
What PERCENTAGE OF ERYTHROCYTES is in the blood?
45%
What is the COLOR RANGE of oxygen-RICH blood?
bright scarlet red
What is the COLOR RANGE of oxygen-POOR blood?
dull red
What is the average blood pH?
between 7.35 and 7.45
What is the average TEMPERATURE of blood?
38C (100.4F)
How many LITERS of blood is found in a healthy adult?
5 liters
T/F: adult females average higher volumes and values of blood that adult males
False
What PERCENTAGE of PLASMA is WATER?
90%
What are all the SALTS/ELECTROLYTES included in PLASMA (5)?
Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Chloride Bicarbonate
What is the FUNCTION of the SALTS in PLASMA (3)?
osmotic balance; pH buffering; regulation of membrane permeability
What are the PLASMA PROTEINS found in plasma (3)?
Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulins
What is the FUNCTIONS of ALBUMIN (2)?
osmotic balance; pH buffering
What is the FUNCTION of FIBRINOGEN?
clotting of blood
What is the FUNCTION of GLOBULINS?
defense (antibodies) and lipid transport
When does the LIVER make more PLASMA PROTEINS?
when the plasma protein level drops
What happens when the blood becomes too ACIDIC or ALKALINE?
the respiratory and urinary systems restore blood pH to normal
What does URINARY FUNCTION adjust?
plasma ion levels
What are ERYTHROCYTES?
red blood cells (RBCs)
What are LEUKOCYTES?
white blood cells (WBCs)
What are PLATELETS?
cell fragments
What is the MAIN FUNCTION of ERYTHROCYTES?
transporting oxygen to the body’s cells; also transport carbon dioxide
What are the CHARACTERISITICS of RBCs (4)?
no nucleus or mitochondria; few organelles; “bags” of hemoglobin; biconcave shape
What is the NORMAL RBC COUNT in blood?
~ 5 million per cubic millimeter
What is a HEMOGLOBIN?
an iron-bearing protein
What does a HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE do?
it binds oxygen reversibly ( binding it at the lungs, then releasing it when RBCs reach the body’s cells)
How many OXYGEN MOLECULES can HEMOGLOBIN bind to?
4 oxygen molecules
How much of HEMOGLOBIN is in average count of blood?
12 - 18g of Hb per 100 millimeters of blood
What is ANEMIA?
a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
What is POLYCYTHEMIA?
a disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBCs
What may cause POLYCYTHEMIA (3)?
bone marrow cancer; life at higher altitudes; and blood doping in athletes
What does HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA result from?
sudden hemorrhage
What does HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA result from?
lysis of RBCs as a result of bacteria infection
What does PERNICIOUS ANEMIA result from?
lack of vitamin B12
What does APLASTIC ANEMIA result from?
depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications
What does IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA result from?
lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding
What is the DIRECT CAUSE of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA?
inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs
What does SICKLE CELL ANEMIA?
genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin
What do LEUKOCYTES do for the body?
defend the body against infectious disease and cancer
What is DIAPEDESIS?
a process in which leukocytes are able to move in and out of blood cells
What is POSITIVE CHEMOTAXIS?
leukocyte’s response to chemicals released by damaged tissues
How do LEUKOCYTES MOVE?
by amoeboid motion
What are the 5 types of LEUKOCYTES?
neutrophils; monocytes/macrophages; basophils; eosinophils; lymphocytes
What is the FUNCTION of NEUTROPHILS?
(dedicated phagocytes) exit the blood to engulf pathogens and cellular debris at site of trauma/infection
What is the FUNCTION of MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES?
(monocytes) circulate in the blood; (macrophages) perform phagocytosis
What is the FUNCTION of BASOPHILS?
trigger inflammation through histamine disease
What is the FUNCTION of EOSINOPHILS?
kills parasitic worms; plays a role in allergic reactions
What is the FUNCTION of LYMPHOCYTES?
function in the adaptive immune response
What is LEUKOCYTOSIS?
high WBC count (generally indicated an infection or cancer)
What is LEUKOPENIA?
abnormally low WBC count (commonly caused by certain drugs, like corticosteroids and anticancer agents)
What is LEUKEMIA?
when bone marrow becomes cancerous; numerous immature WBCs are produced
