Chapter 10: Blood Flashcards by Laila Oliver

What is the FUNCTION of blood?

to transport substances that must be carried from one place to another

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What are some of the SUBSTANCES that blood transports (7)

nutrients, wastes, respiratory gases, hormones, immune components, body heat, and medications

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What are the two PRIMARY COMPONENTS in BLOOD?

formed elements (living cells) and plasma (nonliving fluid matrix)

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What happens when blood is separated in a centrifuge?

erythrocytes sink to the bottom (due to iron in hemoglobin), with a buffy coat separating the erythrocytes and the plasma

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What does the BUFFY COAT contain (2)?

leukocytes and platelets

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What PERCENTAGE of PLASMA is in the blood?

55%

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What PERCENTAGE of BUFFY COAT is in the blood?

less than 1%

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What PERCENTAGE OF ERYTHROCYTES is in the blood?

45%

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What is the COLOR RANGE of oxygen-RICH blood?

bright scarlet red

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What is the COLOR RANGE of oxygen-POOR blood?

dull red

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What is the average blood pH?

between 7.35 and 7.45

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What is the average TEMPERATURE of blood?

38C (100.4F)

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How many LITERS of blood is found in a healthy adult?

5 liters

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T/F: adult females average higher volumes and values of blood that adult males

False

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What PERCENTAGE of PLASMA is WATER?

90%

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What are all the SALTS/ELECTROLYTES included in PLASMA (5)?

Sodium, Potassium, Calcium, Magnesium, and Chloride Bicarbonate

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What is the FUNCTION of the SALTS in PLASMA (3)?

osmotic balance; pH buffering; regulation of membrane permeability

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What are the PLASMA PROTEINS found in plasma (3)?

Albumin, Fibrinogen, Globulins

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What is the FUNCTIONS of ALBUMIN (2)?

osmotic balance; pH buffering

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What is the FUNCTION of FIBRINOGEN?

clotting of blood

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What is the FUNCTION of GLOBULINS?

defense (antibodies) and lipid transport

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When does the LIVER make more PLASMA PROTEINS?

when the plasma protein level drops

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What happens when the blood becomes too ACIDIC or ALKALINE?

the respiratory and urinary systems restore blood pH to normal

What does URINARY FUNCTION adjust?

plasma ion levels

What are ERYTHROCYTES?

red blood cells (RBCs)

What are LEUKOCYTES?

white blood cells (WBCs)

What are PLATELETS?

cell fragments

What is the MAIN FUNCTION of ERYTHROCYTES?

transporting oxygen to the body's cells; also transport carbon dioxide

What are the CHARACTERISITICS of RBCs (4)?

no nucleus or mitochondria; few organelles; "bags" of hemoglobin; biconcave shape

What is the NORMAL RBC COUNT in blood?

~ 5 million per cubic millimeter

What is a HEMOGLOBIN?

an iron-bearing protein

What does a HEMOGLOBIN MOLECULE do?

it binds oxygen reversibly ( binding it at the lungs, then releasing it when RBCs reach the body's cells)

How many OXYGEN MOLECULES can HEMOGLOBIN bind to?

4 oxygen molecules

How much of HEMOGLOBIN is in average count of blood?

12 - 18g of Hb per 100 millimeters of blood

What is ANEMIA?

a decrease in the oxygen-carrying ability of the blood

What is POLYCYTHEMIA?

a disorder resulting from excessive or abnormal increase of RBCs

What may cause POLYCYTHEMIA (3)?

bone marrow cancer; life at higher altitudes; and blood doping in athletes

What does HEMORRHAGIC ANEMIA result from?

sudden hemorrhage

What does HEMOLYTIC ANEMIA result from?

lysis of RBCs as a result of bacteria infection

What does PERNICIOUS ANEMIA result from?

lack of vitamin B12

What does APLASTIC ANEMIA result from?

depression/destruction of bone marrow by cancer, radiation, or certain medications

What does IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA result from?

lack of iron in diet or slow/prolonged bleeding

What is the DIRECT CAUSE of IRON-DEFICIENCY ANEMIA?

inadequate hemoglobin content in RBCs

What does SICKLE CELL ANEMIA?

genetic defect leads to abnormal hemoglobin

What do LEUKOCYTES do for the body?

defend the body against infectious disease and cancer

What is DIAPEDESIS?

a process in which leukocytes are able to move in and out of blood cells

What is POSITIVE CHEMOTAXIS?

leukocyte's response to chemicals released by damaged tissues

How do LEUKOCYTES MOVE?

by amoeboid motion

What are the 5 types of LEUKOCYTES?

neutrophils; monocytes/macrophages; basophils; eosinophils; lymphocytes

What is the FUNCTION of NEUTROPHILS?

(dedicated phagocytes) exit the blood to engulf pathogens and cellular debris at site of trauma/infection

What is the FUNCTION of MONOCYTES/MACROPHAGES?

(monocytes) circulate in the blood; (macrophages) perform phagocytosis

What is the FUNCTION of BASOPHILS?

trigger inflammation through histamine disease

What is the FUNCTION of EOSINOPHILS?

kills parasitic worms; plays a role in allergic reactions

What is the FUNCTION of LYMPHOCYTES?

function in the adaptive immune response

What is LEUKOCYTOSIS?

high WBC count (generally indicated an infection or cancer)

What is LEUKOPENIA?

abnormally low WBC count (commonly caused by certain drugs, like corticosteroids and anticancer agents)

What is LEUKEMIA?

when bone marrow becomes cancerous; numerous immature WBCs are produced