Chapter 5: Personality and Values

Question 1

personality

Answer 1

the sum of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. personality is influenced both by genetics and environment

Question 2

measuring personality

Answer 2

people use inventories/tests, and they use self-report surveys (self-report is most common), both of which can be skewed

Question 3

heredity

Answer 3

factors determined at conception; one’s biological, physiological, and inherent psychological make up. personality is more flexible at a younger age and is more stable in adults

Question 4

personality traits

Answer 4

enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior. the more consistent the characteristic over time and the more frequently it occurs in diverse situations, the more important the trait is in describing the individual

Question 5

myers-briggs type indicator

Answer 5

a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into one of 16 personality types. it measures extraverted vs introverted, sensing vs intuitive, thinking vs feeling, and judging vs perceiving

Question 6

big five model

Answer 6

a personality assessment model that describes five basic dimensions of personality

Question 7

conscientiousness

Answer 7

a personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized

Question 8

emotional stability

Answer 8

a personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self confident, and secure (positive), versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).

Question 9

extraversion

Answer 9

a personality dimension describing someone is is sociable, gregarious, and assertive

Question 10

openness to experience

Answer 10

a personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity

Question 11

agreeableness

Answer 11

a personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting

Question 12

conscientiousness at work

Answer 12

best predictor of job performance. that said, extremely conscientious people can be too deliberate and perfectionistic, resulting in diminished happiness and performance

Question 13

emotional stability at work

Answer 13

most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and reduced burnout and intentions to quit

Question 14

extraversion at work

Answer 14

perform better at jobs with significant interpersonal interaction. they are socially dominant who are generally assertive. some negatives are extraverts can appear egoistic, or too dominating and that their social behavior can be disadvantageous for jobs that do not require frequent social interaction

Question 15

openness at work

Answer 15

open people tend to be the most creative and innovative compared with other traits. while openness isn’t related to initial performance on the job, individuals higher in openness are less susceptible to a decline in performance over a longer period of time

Question 16

agreeableness at work

Answer 16

better liked than disagreeable people, they should perform well in interpersonally oriented jobs such as customer service. they experience less work-family conflict and are less to turnover

Question 17

the dark triad

Answer 17

a constellation of negative personality traits consisting of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy

Question 18

machiavellianism

Answer 18

the degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means

Question 19

narcissism

Answer 19

the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self importance, require excessive admiration, and possess a sense of entitlement

Question 20

psychopathy

Answer 20

the tendency for a lack of concern for others and a lack of guilt or remorse when actions cause harm

Question 21

core self evaluation

Answer 21

bottom line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person

Question 22

self monitoring

Answer 22

a personality trait that measures and individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors

Question 23

proactive personality

Answer 23

people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs

Question 24

personality, job search, and unemployment (2 strongest predictors of job search behavior)

Answer 24

conscientiousness and extraversion were predictive of networking intensity, general job search intensity, interview callbacks, and job offers. positive affectivity is also important in getting interviews, job offers, and becoming employed

Question 25

situation strength theory

Answer 25

a theory indicating that the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation

Question 26

trait activation theory

Answer 26

a theory that predicts that some situations, events, or interventions “activate” a trait more than others

Question 27

values

Answer 27

basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence

Question 28

value system

Answer 28

a hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity

Question 29

terminal values

Answer 29

desirable end states of existence, the goals a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime

Question 30

instrumental values

Answer 30

preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values

Question 31

personality-job fit theory

Answer 31

a theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type ad occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover

Question 32

person-organization fit

Answer 32

a theory that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values, and leave where there is no compatibility

Question 33

power distance

Answer 33

a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally

Question 34

individualism

Answer 34

a national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups

Question 35

collectivism

Answer 35

a national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them

Question 36

masuclinity

Answer 36

a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture factors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.

Question 37

femininity

Answer 37

a national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as equals of men in all aspects of society

Question 38

uncertainty avoidance

Answer 38

a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them

Question 39

long term orientation

Answer 39

a national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, grit, and persistence

Question 40

short term orientation

Answer 40

a national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change