Chapter 5: Personality and Values Flashcards
personality
the sum of ways in which an individual reacts to and interacts with others. personality is influenced both by genetics and environment
measuring personality
people use inventories/tests, and they use self-report surveys (self-report is most common), both of which can be skewed
heredity
factors determined at conception; one’s biological, physiological, and inherent psychological make up. personality is more flexible at a younger age and is more stable in adults
personality traits
enduring characteristics that describe an individual’s behavior. the more consistent the characteristic over time and the more frequently it occurs in diverse situations, the more important the trait is in describing the individual
myers-briggs type indicator
a personality test that taps four characteristics and classifies people into one of 16 personality types. it measures extraverted vs introverted, sensing vs intuitive, thinking vs feeling, and judging vs perceiving
big five model
a personality assessment model that describes five basic dimensions of personality
conscientiousness
a personality dimension that describes someone who is responsible, dependable, persistent, and organized
emotional stability
a personality dimension that characterizes someone as calm, self confident, and secure (positive), versus nervous, depressed, and insecure (negative).
extraversion
a personality dimension describing someone is is sociable, gregarious, and assertive
openness to experience
a personality dimension that characterizes someone in terms of imagination, sensitivity, and curiosity
agreeableness
a personality dimension that describes someone who is good natured, cooperative, and trusting
conscientiousness at work
best predictor of job performance. that said, extremely conscientious people can be too deliberate and perfectionistic, resulting in diminished happiness and performance
emotional stability at work
most strongly related to life satisfaction, job satisfaction, and reduced burnout and intentions to quit
extraversion at work
perform better at jobs with significant interpersonal interaction. they are socially dominant who are generally assertive. some negatives are extraverts can appear egoistic, or too dominating and that their social behavior can be disadvantageous for jobs that do not require frequent social interaction
openness at work
open people tend to be the most creative and innovative compared with other traits. while openness isn’t related to initial performance on the job, individuals higher in openness are less susceptible to a decline in performance over a longer period of time
agreeableness at work
better liked than disagreeable people, they should perform well in interpersonally oriented jobs such as customer service. they experience less work-family conflict and are less to turnover
the dark triad
a constellation of negative personality traits consisting of Machiavellianism, narcissism, and psychopathy
machiavellianism
the degree to which an individual is pragmatic, maintains emotional distance, and believes that ends can justify means
narcissism
the tendency to be arrogant, have a grandiose sense of self importance, require excessive admiration, and possess a sense of entitlement
psychopathy
the tendency for a lack of concern for others and a lack of guilt or remorse when actions cause harm
core self evaluation
bottom line conclusions individuals have about their capabilities, competence, and worth as a person
self monitoring
a personality trait that measures and individual’s ability to adjust his or her behavior to external, situational factors
proactive personality
people who identify opportunities, show initiative, take action, and persevere until meaningful change occurs
personality, job search, and unemployment (2 strongest predictors of job search behavior)
conscientiousness and extraversion were predictive of networking intensity, general job search intensity, interview callbacks, and job offers. positive affectivity is also important in getting interviews, job offers, and becoming employed
situation strength theory
a theory indicating that the way personality translates into behavior depends on the strength of the situation
trait activation theory
a theory that predicts that some situations, events, or interventions “activate” a trait more than others
values
basic convictions that a specific mode of conduct or end-state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence
value system
a hierarchy based on a ranking of an individual’s values in terms of their intensity
terminal values
desirable end states of existence, the goals a person would like to achieve during his or her lifetime
instrumental values
preferable modes of behavior or means of achieving one’s terminal values
personality-job fit theory
a theory that identifies six personality types and proposes that the fit between personality type ad occupational environment determines satisfaction and turnover
person-organization fit
a theory that people are attracted to and selected by organizations that match their values, and leave where there is no compatibility
power distance
a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society accepts that power in institutions and organizations is distributed unequally
individualism
a national culture attribute that describes the degree to which people prefer to act as individuals rather than as members of groups
collectivism
a national culture attribute that describes a tight social framework in which people expect others in groups of which they are a part to look after them and protect them
masuclinity
a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which the culture factors traditional masculine work roles of achievement, power, and control. societal values are characterized by assertiveness and materialism.
femininity
a national culture attribute that indicates little differentiation between male and female roles; a high rating indicates that women are treated as equals of men in all aspects of society
uncertainty avoidance
a national culture attribute that describes the extent to which a society feels threatened by uncertain and ambiguous situations and tries to avoid them
long term orientation
a national culture attribute that emphasizes the future, grit, and persistence
short term orientation
a national culture attribute that emphasizes the present and accepts change
