Chapter 5 - Motor, Sensory and Perceptual Development

Question 1

What happens when children lose one sensation like Vision

Answer 1

Brain compensates by by enhancing sensory skills in another area such as touch, hearing

Question 2

Unfolding of Genetic Plan

Answer 2

Maturation. for example babies gradually learn to turn over, then sit, then stand up and then walk. This happens in a specific sequence and at specific intervals. However later studies indicated that it does not depend on genetic plan

Question 3

Dynamic Systems Theory

Answer 3

Believes that Motor skills develop based on infant’s perception and acting. AN Infant perceives something in the environment and acts on it as a motivation that develops their motor and fine motor skills

Question 4

How dynamic systems help to develop motor skills

Answer 4

An environmental motivation makes baby take physical action, maturation if there support such movements, muscles get toned by repeated action and environment support also promotes such motor development

Question 5

How dynamic systems theory differs from genetic principle of motor development

Answer 5

infant actively puts together a skill to achieve a goal within the con-straints set by the infant’s body and environment. Nature and nurture, the infant and the environment, are all working together as part of an ever-changing system.

Question 6

Reflexes

Answer 6

Built-in reactions to stimuli. These are genetically carried survival mechanisms. For eg. Holding breath and contracting throat muscle to keep the water out of respiratory track

Question 7

Key points about Reflexes

Answer 7

They are built in mechanisms
genetically carried
help child to respond adaptively to the environment

Question 8

2 basic newborn reflexes

Answer 8

Rooting
Sucking

Question 9

Rooting

Answer 9

When newborn’s cheek is stroked baby turns it’s head to that direction to find something to suck

Question 10

Sucking reflex

Answer 10

Newborn automatically sucks on object placed in their mouth

Question 11

2 Survival reflex for newborn are:

Answer 11

Rooting
Sucking

Question 12

Moro reflex

Answer 12

Sudden intense noise makes baby arch it’s back, throw back head, fling it’s arm and legs and then close them again

Question 13

How long rooting and moro reflex last

Answer 13

3-4 months till infant’s brain is matured and gains a voluntary control

Question 14

grasping reflex,

Answer 14

When something touches infant’s palm they grab the thing

Question 15

gross motor skills

Answer 15

Large muscle activities such as moving arms, moving leg

Question 16

Why Posture Control is Important

Answer 16

It is a foundation to develop gross motor skills. For e.g to walk one must be able to hold balance on one leg.

Question 17

What is Posture Control

Answer 17

is a dynamic process
that is linked with sensory information in the skin, joints, and muscles, which tell us where we are in space; in vestibular organs in the inner ear that regulate balance

Question 18

vestibular organs

Answer 18

organs in the inner ear that regulate balance and equilibrium; and in vision and hearing

Question 19

When alternating leg movements occur in baby

Answer 19

During the fetal period and birth

Question 20

How locomotion ( walking) and posture control are linked

Answer 20

Walking upright requires integrating sensory information from various parts, vestibular organ to learn to walk

Question 21

Between locomotor experience and age which one is a primary indicator of adaptive responding on slopes if various steepness

Answer 21

locomotor experience . Because with experience baby learns to avoid fall

Question 22

What is specificity of learning in locomotion

Answer 22

When crawling babies learn to walk, initially they fall on slopes which they were expert in crawling. So a learning in one module of locomotion does not get carried forward in progression and a new learning is required in each stage

Question 23

fine motor skills

Answer 23

fine motor skills .
. Grasping a toy, using a spoon, buttoning a shirt, or doing anything that requires finger dexterity demonstrates fine motor skills

Question 24

How Infants learn fine motor skills

Answer 24

First learn to grab, use shoulder and elbow to reach out to things. Then learn to use wrist, then hand and then fingers

Question 25

Which 2 types of grasps infant learn by 1st yr

Answer 25

1- Palmer Grasp . Grasping with whole palm
2 - Pincer Grip - Grasping with thumb and forefinger and middle finger too

Question 26

Perceptual motor coupling

Answer 26

Four month old rely on touch of an object to grab it. 8 months old use vision to pre-shape their hand to pick up and grab things

Question 27

Why vision is important in perceptual Motor skills

Answer 27

It helps to pre-shape the hand to grasp the things

Question 28

What is sticky mittens experience

Answer 28

Mittens with glue on the outer side. Objects stick to it helping children to grasp and feel the shapes. This experiment has helped infants to handle and feel the objects. Improving grasping

Question 29

Tower building activity

Answer 29

18-24 months of age
Requires cognitive and motor skills

Question 30

Why in middle and late childhood motor skills develop almost fully

Answer 30

Complete myelination of axons is completed helping neurons transfer information at a greator speed

Question 31

What is sensation

Answer 31

Sensation occurs when information interacts with sensory receptors - eye,tounge,skin,nose, ears