Chapter 4 - Physical Development and Health Flashcards
two patterns of Growth
1- Cephalocaudal
2- Proximodistal
cephalocaudal pattern
the sequence in which the fastest growth always occurs at the top - the head. Physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually works its way down from the top to the bottom—for example, from neck to shoulders, to middle trunk, and so on.
Proximodistal pattern
growth sequence that starts at the center of the body
and moves toward the extremities. For example, muscle control of the trunk and arms matures before control of the hands and fingers. Further, infants use their whole hand as a unit before they can control several fingers.
Growth pattern in Infancy
- Average 7 1/2 pounds at birth , 20 inches
- First few days after birth lose wt. rapidly
- Wt. gain happens after learning to suck, chew
- Gain 5-6 oz. / week & 1inch / month
- ## Wt. triples by 1st B day
Growth pattern in Early childhood
- After pre school %increase in Ht. and Wt. decreases
- Girls are lighter than boys generally
- Girls have more fatty tissues and boys have more muscle tissues
- More growth in trunks, arms and legs. Growth in height. This reduces weight
two important contributors to height differences
1- Nutrition
2- Ethnic factors
Gland responsible for growth
the pituitary, the body’s master gland, located at the base of the brain. his gland secretes growth-related hormones
Growth pattern in Middle and late childhood
- Relatively slow growth before another growth spurt in adolescents yrs.
- More muscle mass in boys and fatty tissues in girls
- both develop muscle and muscles are toned based on diet and activities, exercise
- Size of trunk changes also head circumference changes
- Bones become heavy and harden
Growth pattern in Adolescence
- Puberty
- Body features and proportions changes
Puberty
A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that take place primarily in early adolescence. It is an important marker of the beginning of adolescence.
menarche
a girl’s first menstruation
What triggers early puberty
improved health and nutrition
Age range for Menarche (First menstrual)
9 - 15yrs
Precocious puberty
very early onset and rapid progression. Pubertal onset before 8 yrs in girls and before 9 yrs in boys of puberty.
How Precocious puberty is stopped
By stopping Gonadotropic secretions
Why Gonadotropic secretions are stopped to prevent Precocious Puberty
children who experience precocious puberty are ultimately likely to have short stature, early sexual capability, and the potential for engaging in age-inappropriate behavior
Reasons for early onset of puberty
adoption, father absence, low socioeconomic status, family conflict, maternal harshness, child maltreatment, and early substance use (Basically all stressful situations)
Hormones
powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.
Gland that secrets Hormones
Endocrine Glands
Hormone secretion is controlled by which 3 parts
Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Gonads ( Sex glands)
hypothalamus
structure in the brain best known for monitoring eating, drinking, and sex
pituitary gland
an important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands.
gonads
sex glands—the testes in males, the ovaries in females.
2 classes of hormones with different levels in male and female
Androgens are the main class of male sex hormones. Estrogens are the main class of female sex hormones.
Testosterone
an androgen that is a key hormone in the development of puberty in
boys
Changes on bogy during Puberty in Boys & hormone responsible
testosterone level rises during puberty, external genitals enlarge, height increases, and the voice changes
Estradiol
Estrogen that plays critical part in female puberty. As the estradiol level rises, breast development, uterine development, and skeletal changes occur
Can hormones alone be responsible for adolescent behaviour
NO. Hormones do not act alone. hormonal activity is influenced by many environmental fac-tors, including parent-adolescent relationships. Stress, eating patterns, sexual activity, and depression
Male Sexual Maturation stage
increase in penis and testicle size,
curly pub hair
body growth
arm pit hairs
facial hair
appearance of straight pubic hair,
minor voice change, first ejaculation through masturbation or wet dream
Order of physical changes in Females in Puberty
breasts enlarge
pubic hair appears.
By end of puberty breasts are fully developed and rounded
hips widen than shoulder
The first menarche happens between 9-15 yrs ( normal)
2 important psychological dimensions of Puberty
1 - Body image
2- Early and late maturation
Early and Late Maturation
Perceptions about one self-based on maturation timing. Early maturation is positive and late is negative
How does early maturation increase girls’ vulnerability
Early-maturing girls are more likely to smoke, drink, be depressed, have an eating disorder, engage in delinquency, struggle for earlier independence from their parents, and have older friends; and their bodies are likely to elicit responses from males that lead to earlier dating and earlier sexual experiences
Neuro-constructivist view
biology and environment determine brain development
- Brain has plasticity and is context dependent
- Development of brain and child’s cognitive development is closely linked
neurons
nerve cells in the brain that handle information processing,
cerebral cortex
Outer layer of brain important for language, thinking, perception and other functions
amygdala
Inner brain structure which plays an important role in emotions
hippocampus,
Inner brain structure that controls memory and emotion.
neural circuit
Clusters of neurons known as neural circuits work
together to handle particular types of information
neurotransmitter used by neural circuits
dopamine
lateralization.
specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex .Speech and gram-mar, for example, depend on activity in the left hemisphere
Shaken baby syndrome,
brain swelling and hemorrhaging due to shaking baby’s head or not supporting baby’s head
2 key developments in brain in first 2 years
- Creation of myelin sheath
2, Connections between dendrites
Myelination,
The process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath
How myelination helps
It speeds up the transmission of information in axons so information passes quickly at long distances
Myelination for visual pathways
completed during the first six months
Auditory myelination
not completed until 4 or 5 years of age
what is pruning of dendrites and synapses
increase in numbers
reduced levels of myelination leads to?
developmental delay of motor and cognitive milestones
Which brain area develops between 3-6 Yrs
Frontal Lobe - Improving planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks
Which brain area develops between 6Yrs - Puberty
temporal and parietal lobes developing language and spatial relations
Why prefrontal cortex is called leader of other brain areas
It coordinates functions of other brain parts and plays imp. role in problem solving
What is activation of brain areas
some areas increasing in activation while others decrease
cognitive control,
PFC function include controlling attention, reducing interfering thoughts, inhibiting motor actions, and being flexible in switching between competing choices
What is pruning
Strengthening of connections and diffusing of pathways that are not used in brain
What does pruning indicate
activities adolescents choose to engage in and not to engage in influence which neural connections will be strengthened and which will disappear.
corpus callosum,
where fibers connect the brain’s left and right hemispheres,
prefrontal cortex
—the highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control.
Maturation and development age for PFC
18-25 yrs
amygdala
—the seat of emotions such as anger
developmental social neuroscience,
New branch of science that involves connections between brain development and socioemotional connection
By what age infants sleep majority of night time
6 months
Factors associated to night time waking of Infants
excessive parental involvement
depression during pregnancy, early introduction of solid foods, infant TV viewing, and child care attendance were related to shorter duration of infant sleep
REM Sleep
Rapid Eye Movement sleep. Eyes flutter below the closed lids
REM sleep time in Adult Vs Infant
1/5 of total sleep time in adult
50% of total sleep time in Infant
What is SIDS
Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause.
Age of highest SIDs
2 to 4 months
Recommended way to avoid SID
Sleeping on back and avoid Prone Sleeping (sleeping on stomach)
Recommended sleep for young children
11-13 hrs
Activities that promote early bed time
cool, dark, quiet bedroom, parental presence, No TV, quiet play, Bath
Reason behind delayed sleep in older adolescents
Delay in producing melatonin by 1 hour, causes them t sleep late and creates sleep deficit
Effect of Lead poisoning
lower intelligence, lower achievement, attention deficit hyperactivity dis-order, and elevated blood pressure
Common cause of death in middle or late child hood
Motor vehicle accident
Common Cancer in Children
Leukemia - a cancer of the tissues that make blood
cells
Factors related to under 5 age mortality
Nutrition, Health knowledge, immunization, dehydration, health services availability, income, food aval.
How much calories infants need to consume to cover their grown need
50 Calories / pond each day
When are children considered overweight
when they are above 95th percentile in weight for their age and gender
When are children labelled at risk for being overweight
if they are between the 85th and 95th percentiles.
Foods responsible for weight issues in US
French fries
Desserts
Sweetened drinks
Apart from food another key factor in overweight of children
Whether they are bottle fed or breast fed.
Breast fed babies tend not to put on weight
metabolic syndrome
a disorder characterized by obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance
When mother should avoid Breast feeding
1, When she is HIV infected
2.Has active TB
3. On any drug that is not safe for a child
Two life-threatening conditions of Malnutrition
Marasmus
Kwashiorkor
Marasmus
severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in a wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year.
Effect of Marasmus
Gross underweight
Muscle Atrophy
Kwashiorkor
Feet and stomach swelling of water
Vital organs collect all nutrients and deprive the other body parts.
Brittle hair
Pale skin
Malnutrition effects
Low on attention and memory
Low maternal sensitivity in 15-24 months can lead to
Overeating and obesity
Effect of forceful and restrictive caregiver
overweight children
2 Parental feeding styles
A sensitive / responsive caregiving style
Forceful caregiving style
Sensitive / responsive caregiving style
caregiver is nurturant, provides clear information about what is expected, and responds appropriately to children’s cues
Health issues in overweight children
Diabetes, hypertension
elevated blood cholesterol levels
Psychological issues related to overweight in children
low self-esteem,
depression
Exclusion from peer group
Social issues related to overweight in children
Teasing by peers
Low acceptance levels in peer group
Heredity influences of obesity
Obese partent or both parents
Obesity in this case happens even if child is not staying with parent
Environmental factors of obesity in children
Food, Screen time, irregular meal times etc
Strategy to reduce overweight in children
Reduce screen time
exercise
healthy diet
Benefit of exercise on 2 aspects
Physical
Cognitive
Guidelines for play in early childhood / pre school
2 hours physical activity every day, divided in 1 hr of structured activity and 1 hr of free play
Benefit of exercise in middle and late childhood
low chance of metabolic diseases like cholesterol, waist circumference, and insulin regulation
Benefit of exercise in Aolescence
Better metabolic regulation
low risk of substance abuse, alcohol, smoking
Better sleep
better concentration
lower risk of depression
