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PSYC 323 - Athabasca > Chapter 4 - Physical Development and Health > Flashcards

Chapter 4 - Physical Development and Health Flashcards

1
Q

two patterns of Growth

A

1- Cephalocaudal
2- Proximodistal

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2
Q

cephalocaudal pattern

A

the sequence in which the fastest growth always occurs at the top - the head. Physical growth in size, weight, and feature differentiation gradually works its way down from the top to the bottom—for example, from neck to shoulders, to middle trunk, and so on.

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3
Q

Proximodistal pattern

A

growth sequence that starts at the center of the body
and moves toward the extremities. For example, muscle control of the trunk and arms matures before control of the hands and fingers. Further, infants use their whole hand as a unit before they can control several fingers.

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4
Q

Growth pattern in Infancy

A
  • Average 7 1/2 pounds at birth , 20 inches
  • First few days after birth lose wt. rapidly
  • Wt. gain happens after learning to suck, chew
  • Gain 5-6 oz. / week & 1inch / month
  • ## Wt. triples by 1st B day
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5
Q

Growth pattern in Early childhood

A
  • After pre school %increase in Ht. and Wt. decreases
  • Girls are lighter than boys generally
  • Girls have more fatty tissues and boys have more muscle tissues
  • More growth in trunks, arms and legs. Growth in height. This reduces weight
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6
Q

two important contributors to height differences

A

1- Nutrition
2- Ethnic factors

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7
Q

Gland responsible for growth

A

the pituitary, the body’s master gland, located at the base of the brain. his gland secretes growth-related hormones

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8
Q

Growth pattern in Middle and late childhood

A
  • Relatively slow growth before another growth spurt in adolescents yrs.
  • More muscle mass in boys and fatty tissues in girls
  • both develop muscle and muscles are toned based on diet and activities, exercise
  • Size of trunk changes also head circumference changes
  • Bones become heavy and harden
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9
Q

Growth pattern in Adolescence

A
  • Puberty
  • Body features and proportions changes
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10
Q

Puberty

A

A period of rapid physical maturation involving hormonal and bodily changes that take place primarily in early adolescence. It is an important marker of the beginning of adolescence.

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11
Q

menarche

A

a girl’s first menstruation

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12
Q

What triggers early puberty

A

improved health and nutrition

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13
Q

Age range for Menarche (First menstrual)

A

9 - 15yrs

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14
Q

Precocious puberty

A

very early onset and rapid progression. Pubertal onset before 8 yrs in girls and before 9 yrs in boys of puberty.

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15
Q

How Precocious puberty is stopped

A

By stopping Gonadotropic secretions

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16
Q

Why Gonadotropic secretions are stopped to prevent Precocious Puberty

A

children who experience precocious puberty are ultimately likely to have short stature, early sexual capability, and the potential for engaging in age-inappropriate behavior

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17
Q

Reasons for early onset of puberty

A

adoption, father absence, low socioeconomic status, family conflict, maternal harshness, child maltreatment, and early substance use (Basically all stressful situations)

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18
Q

Hormones

A

powerful chemical substances secreted by the endocrine glands and carried through the body by the bloodstream.

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19
Q

Gland that secrets Hormones

A

Endocrine Glands

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20
Q

Hormone secretion is controlled by which 3 parts

A

Hypothalamus
Pituitary
Gonads ( Sex glands)

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21
Q

hypothalamus

A

structure in the brain best known for monitoring eating, drinking, and sex

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22
Q

pituitary gland

A

an important endocrine gland that controls growth and regulates other glands.

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23
Q

gonads

A

sex glands—the testes in males, the ovaries in females.

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24
Q

2 classes of hormones with different levels in male and female

A

Androgens are the main class of male sex hormones. Estrogens are the main class of female sex hormones.

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25
Q

Testosterone

A

an androgen that is a key hormone in the development of puberty in
boys

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26
Q

Changes on bogy during Puberty in Boys & hormone responsible

A

testosterone level rises during puberty, external genitals enlarge, height increases, and the voice changes

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27
Q

Estradiol

A

Estrogen that plays critical part in female puberty. As the estradiol level rises, breast development, uterine development, and skeletal changes occur

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28
Q

Can hormones alone be responsible for adolescent behaviour

A

NO. Hormones do not act alone. hormonal activity is influenced by many environmental fac-tors, including parent-adolescent relationships. Stress, eating patterns, sexual activity, and depression

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29
Q

Male Sexual Maturation stage

A

increase in penis and testicle size,
curly pub hair
body growth
arm pit hairs
facial hair
appearance of straight pubic hair,
minor voice change, first ejaculation through masturbation or wet dream

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30
Q

Order of physical changes in Females in Puberty

A

breasts enlarge
pubic hair appears.
By end of puberty breasts are fully developed and rounded
hips widen than shoulder
The first menarche happens between 9-15 yrs ( normal)

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31
Q

2 important psychological dimensions of Puberty

A

1 - Body image
2- Early and late maturation

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32
Q

Early and Late Maturation

A

Perceptions about one self-based on maturation timing. Early maturation is positive and late is negative

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33
Q

How does early maturation increase girls’ vulnerability

A

Early-maturing girls are more likely to smoke, drink, be depressed, have an eating disorder, engage in delinquency, struggle for earlier independence from their parents, and have older friends; and their bodies are likely to elicit responses from males that lead to earlier dating and earlier sexual experiences

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34
Q

Neuro-constructivist view

A

biology and environment determine brain development
- Brain has plasticity and is context dependent
- Development of brain and child’s cognitive development is closely linked

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35
Q

neurons

A

nerve cells in the brain that handle information processing,

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36
Q

cerebral cortex

A

Outer layer of brain important for language, thinking, perception and other functions

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37
Q

amygdala

A

Inner brain structure which plays an important role in emotions

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38
Q

hippocampus,

A

Inner brain structure that controls memory and emotion.

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39
Q

neural circuit

A

Clusters of neurons known as neural circuits work
together to handle particular types of information

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40
Q

neurotransmitter used by neural circuits

A

dopamine

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41
Q

lateralization.

A

specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex .Speech and gram-mar, for example, depend on activity in the left hemisphere

42
Q

Shaken baby syndrome,

A

brain swelling and hemorrhaging due to shaking baby’s head or not supporting baby’s head

43
Q

2 key developments in brain in first 2 years

A
  1. Creation of myelin sheath
    2, Connections between dendrites
44
Q

Myelination,

A

The process of encasing axons with a myelin sheath

45
Q

How myelination helps

A

It speeds up the transmission of information in axons so information passes quickly at long distances

46
Q

Myelination for visual pathways

A

completed during the first six months

47
Q

Auditory myelination

A

not completed until 4 or 5 years of age

48
Q

what is pruning of dendrites and synapses

A

increase in numbers

49
Q

reduced levels of myelination leads to?

A

developmental delay of motor and cognitive milestones

50
Q

Which brain area develops between 3-6 Yrs

A

Frontal Lobe - Improving planning and organizing new actions and in maintaining attention to tasks

51
Q

Which brain area develops between 6Yrs - Puberty

A

temporal and parietal lobes developing language and spatial relations

52
Q

Why prefrontal cortex is called leader of other brain areas

A

It coordinates functions of other brain parts and plays imp. role in problem solving

53
Q

What is activation of brain areas

A

some areas increasing in activation while others decrease

54
Q

cognitive control,

A

PFC function include controlling attention, reducing interfering thoughts, inhibiting motor actions, and being flexible in switching between competing choices

55
Q

What is pruning

A

Strengthening of connections and diffusing of pathways that are not used in brain

56
Q

What does pruning indicate

A

activities adolescents choose to engage in and not to engage in influence which neural connections will be strengthened and which will disappear.

57
Q

corpus callosum,

A

where fibers connect the brain’s left and right hemispheres,

58
Q

prefrontal cortex

A

—the highest level of the frontal lobes involved in reasoning, decision making, and self-control.

59
Q

Maturation and development age for PFC

A

18-25 yrs

60
Q

amygdala

A

—the seat of emotions such as anger

61
Q

developmental social neuroscience,

A

New branch of science that involves connections between brain development and socioemotional connection

62
Q

By what age infants sleep majority of night time

A

6 months

63
Q

Factors associated to night time waking of Infants

A

excessive parental involvement
depression during pregnancy, early introduction of solid foods, infant TV viewing, and child care attendance were related to shorter duration of infant sleep

64
Q

REM Sleep

A

Rapid Eye Movement sleep. Eyes flutter below the closed lids

65
Q

REM sleep time in Adult Vs Infant

A

1/5 of total sleep time in adult
50% of total sleep time in Infant

66
Q

What is SIDS

A

Sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) is a condition that occurs when infants stop breathing, usually during the night, and die suddenly without an apparent cause.

67
Q

Age of highest SIDs

A

2 to 4 months

68
Q

Recommended way to avoid SID

A

Sleeping on back and avoid Prone Sleeping (sleeping on stomach)

69
Q

Recommended sleep for young children

A

11-13 hrs

70
Q

Activities that promote early bed time

A

cool, dark, quiet bedroom, parental presence, No TV, quiet play, Bath

71
Q

Reason behind delayed sleep in older adolescents

A

Delay in producing melatonin by 1 hour, causes them t sleep late and creates sleep deficit

72
Q

Effect of Lead poisoning

A

lower intelligence, lower achievement, attention deficit hyperactivity dis-order, and elevated blood pressure

73
Q

Common cause of death in middle or late child hood

A

Motor vehicle accident

74
Q

Common Cancer in Children

A

Leukemia - a cancer of the tissues that make blood
cells

75
Q

Factors related to under 5 age mortality

A

Nutrition, Health knowledge, immunization, dehydration, health services availability, income, food aval.

76
Q

How much calories infants need to consume to cover their grown need

A

50 Calories / pond each day

77
Q

When are children considered overweight

A

when they are above 95th percentile in weight for their age and gender

78
Q

When are children labelled at risk for being overweight

A

if they are between the 85th and 95th percentiles.

79
Q

Foods responsible for weight issues in US

A

French fries
Desserts
Sweetened drinks

80
Q

Apart from food another key factor in overweight of children

A

Whether they are bottle fed or breast fed.
Breast fed babies tend not to put on weight

81
Q

metabolic syndrome

A

a disorder characterized by obesity, hypertension, and insulin resistance

82
Q

When mother should avoid Breast feeding

A

1, When she is HIV infected
2.Has active TB
3. On any drug that is not safe for a child

83
Q

Two life-threatening conditions of Malnutrition

A

Marasmus
Kwashiorkor

84
Q

Marasmus

A

severe protein-calorie deficiency and results in a wasting away of body tissues in the infant’s first year.

85
Q

Effect of Marasmus

A

Gross underweight
Muscle Atrophy

86
Q

Kwashiorkor

A

Feet and stomach swelling of water
Vital organs collect all nutrients and deprive the other body parts.
Brittle hair
Pale skin

87
Q

Malnutrition effects

A

Low on attention and memory

88
Q

Low maternal sensitivity in 15-24 months can lead to

A

Overeating and obesity

89
Q

Effect of forceful and restrictive caregiver

A

overweight children

90
Q

2 Parental feeding styles

A

A sensitive / responsive caregiving style
Forceful caregiving style

91
Q

Sensitive / responsive caregiving style

A

caregiver is nurturant, provides clear information about what is expected, and responds appropriately to children’s cues

92
Q

Health issues in overweight children

A

Diabetes, hypertension
elevated blood cholesterol levels

93
Q

Psychological issues related to overweight in children

A

low self-esteem,
depression
Exclusion from peer group

94
Q

Social issues related to overweight in children

A

Teasing by peers
Low acceptance levels in peer group

95
Q

Heredity influences of obesity

A

Obese partent or both parents
Obesity in this case happens even if child is not staying with parent

96
Q

Environmental factors of obesity in children

A

Food, Screen time, irregular meal times etc

97
Q

Strategy to reduce overweight in children

A

Reduce screen time
exercise
healthy diet

98
Q

Benefit of exercise on 2 aspects

A

Physical
Cognitive

99
Q

Guidelines for play in early childhood / pre school

A

2 hours physical activity every day, divided in 1 hr of structured activity and 1 hr of free play

100
Q

Benefit of exercise in middle and late childhood

A

low chance of metabolic diseases like cholesterol, waist circumference, and insulin regulation

101
Q

Benefit of exercise in Aolescence

A

Better metabolic regulation
low risk of substance abuse, alcohol, smoking
Better sleep
better concentration
lower risk of depression

PSYC 323 - Athabasca (20 decks)

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