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PSYC 323 - Athabasca > Chapter - 3 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH > Flashcards

Chapter - 3 PRENATAL DEVELOPMENT AND BIRTH Flashcards

1
Q

How does Conception occurs

A

Single sperm cell from the male unites with an ovum (egg) in the female’s fallopian tube in a process called fertilization

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2
Q

Duration of Prenatal period

A

9.5 - 10 months / 266-288 days / 38-40 weeks

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3
Q

What is a prenatal period

A

Period starting from fertilization and ending with birth

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4
Q

3 stages of Prenatal period

A

1- Germinal
2- Embryonic
3-Fetal

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5
Q

How long Germinal Period lasts

A

2 weeks. The germinal period (about 14 days in length) lasts from conception to implantation of the zygote (fertilized egg) in the lining of the uterus.

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6
Q

What happens in Germinal period?

A

1) Creation of fertilized egg (Zygote)
2) Attachment of Zygote to a uterine wall, side of Uterus
3) Zygote goes through rapid cell division through a process called mitosis.
4) Cell division create specialized cells for different tasks. Blastocysts - Inner mass of cells that develop in to embryo and Trophoblast - outer cells that provide nutrition to embryo

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7
Q

The Embryonic Period duration

A

2 weeks - 8 weeks after the conception and begins when blastocyst attaches to uterine wall

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8
Q

What is blastocyst called after attaching to uterine wall

A

Embryo

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9
Q

What is Blastocyst

A

Three days after fertilization, a normally developing embryo will contain about six to 10 cells. By the fifth or sixth day, the fertilized egg is known as a blastocyst — a rapidly dividing ball of cells

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10
Q

Name 3 layers of Embryo

A

1.Endoderm - Inner layer
2. Mesoderm - Middle layer
3. Ectoderm - outer layer

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11
Q

endoderm

A

Inner layer of embryo develops in to digestive and reproductive system

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12
Q

Mesoderm

A

Middle layer of embryo develops in to respiratory system, bones, muscles, excretory system and reproductive system.

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13
Q

Ectoderm

A

Outer layer of Embryo- Develops in to nervous system - brain and CNS, skin parts such as hair, nails and also sensory receptors such as eyes, nose, ears

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14
Q

2 Life support systems in Embryo that develop out of fertilized egg

A

1 - Umbilical chord
2- Amnion

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15
Q

amnion

A

Bag containing clear fluid in which embryo floats . This protects embryo from shocks, provides environment where temp. humidity is controlled .etc.

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16
Q

umbilical cord

A

A tube like structure containing contains two arteries and one vein - connects baby to placenta

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17
Q

placenta

A

consists of a disk-shaped group of tissues in which small blood vessels from the mother and the off spring intertwine but do not join.

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18
Q

material that passes between embryo and mother

A

Oxygen, CO2, water, salt, digestive waste

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19
Q

how placenta protects baby

A

Large molecules can not pass through placenta, such as most bacteria, maternal waste, hormones. Complex mechanism that governs the transfer of material to baby through placenta is still not understood

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20
Q

organogenesis

A

name given to the process of organ formation during the first two months of prenatal development.

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21
Q

Neural tube

A

a tubular structure which eventually becomes a spinal chord in 3 weeks after conception

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22
Q

When does eyes begin form in germination stage

A

21 days

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23
Q

when does heart begins to form

A

24 days after conception

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24
Q

The Fetal Period

A

period between two months after conception and birth in typical pregnancies. Fetal period if about 7 months

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25
Q

neurons,

A

nerve cells, which handle information processing at the cellular level in the brain

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26
Q

when is the basic architecture is formed

A

first 2 trimesters of prenatal development

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27
Q

After the basic architecture is formed when does the connectivity of brain and functioning of brain happens

A

third trimester of prenatal development and the first two years of postnatal life are characterized by connectivity and functioning of neurons

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28
Q

defects that occur due to not closing of neural tube after 24 days of conception

A

anencephaly - Top portion of tube not closed
spina bifida - Bottom part of neural tube remains open

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29
Q

anencephaly

A

when the head end of the neural tube fails to close, e highest regions of the brain fail to develop.
Such infants die in the womb, during childbirth, or shortly after birth

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30
Q

Spina bifida

A

Results in varying degrees of paralysis of the lower limbs.

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31
Q

Ways to prevent neural tube defects

A
  • take adequate amounts of the B vitamin & folic acid
  • Avoid maternal diabetes and obesity
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32
Q

neurogenesis

A

The generation of new neurons after 5th week when the neural tube is closed naturally

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33
Q

neuronal migration

A

involves cells moving outward from their point of origin to their appropriate locations and creating the different levels, structures, and regions of the brain

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34
Q

TE-RA-TO-LOGY

A

The field of study that investigates the causes of birth defects is called teratology

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35
Q

teratogen

A

any agent that can potentially cause a birth defect or negatively alter cognitive and behavioral outcomes. (The word comes from the Greek word tera, meaning “monster.”).

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36
Q

When is the impact of Teratogens are highest

A

embryonic period between 3 - 8 weeks after conception. This can cause structural abnormalities

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37
Q

Effects of teratogens in Fetal period (9-36 weeks)

A

Instead of structural abnormalities it causes growth issues

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38
Q

behavioral teratology

A

Some teratogens cause defects in developing brain leading to issues in cognitive and behavioural functioning. This field is called behavioral teratology .

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39
Q

Prescription and Nonprescription Drugs acting as teratogens

A

antibiotics, such as streptomycin and tetracycline &
antidepressants

40
Q

Psychoactive Drugs

A

drugs that act on the nervous system to alter states of consciousness, modify perceptions, and change moods.

41
Q

Examples of Psychoactive drugs

A

caffeine, alcohol, and nicotine, as well as illicit drugs such as cocaine, methamphetamine, marijuana, and heroin.

42
Q

FASD - Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders

A

a cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the off spring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy. The abnormalities include facial deformities and defective limbs, face, and heart

43
Q

effect of Nicotine in Pregnancy

A

Preterm births and low birth weights, fetal and neonatal deaths, and respiratory problems and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS, also known as crib death)

44
Q

Why Cocaine has devastating effect on prenatal development

A

because it crosses placenta very effectively

45
Q

Methamphetamine / Meth effect on new born

A

developmental , cognitive issues. Low brain activity in prefrontal lobes

46
Q

Marijuana effects on new born

A

Lower IQ

47
Q

Issues related to Heroin consumption during pregnancy

A
  • motor issues
  • behavioural issues
  • Tremors
  • Abnormal crying
  • Disturb sleep
    Issues show up as early as 1st b’day
48
Q

What creates differences in blood

A

1- Difference in surface of red blood cells that creates blood groups such as A,B,OAB & O
2- Surface Marker - RH + and -

49
Q

Rh-positive

A

Rh-factor, is present in an individual’s red blood cells, the person is said to be Rh-positive;

50
Q

Rh-negative

A

Rh-factor, is NOT present in an individual’s red blood cells,

51
Q

How Incompatible Blood Types will affect development

A

Partner is RH + and Mother RH - then Baby could be RH +
Hare RH+ of baby and RH - of mother can create problem as mother might produce antibodies that affects baby

52
Q

vaccine (RhoGAM)

A

Vaccine given to RH -ive mother after first pregnenecy within 3 days to prevent her body to make antibodies harming future pregnency

53
Q

What are Environmental Hazards to fetus

A

radiation
toxic wastes
other chemical pollutants - carbon monoxide, mercury, and lead, as well as certain fertilizers and pesticides.

54
Q

Maternal Diseases affecting fetus

A

Rubella (German measles)
Syphilis
Genital Herpis
AIDS
diabetes

55
Q

How Rubella (German measles) affects fetus

A

Creates prenatal defects by crossing placenta

56
Q

How Syphilis (a sexually transmitted infection) affects fetus

A

damaging later in prenatal
development—four months or more after conception. Damage includes eye lesions, which can cause blindness, and skin lesions.

57
Q

How herpes affects fetus

A

when they are delivered through the birth canal of a mother who has genital herpes, usually has high mortality rate

58
Q

How AIDS is transmitted in fetus / new born

A

1- Through placenta
2- Through body fluids such as blood,
3- Through mothers milk

59
Q

Which disorder Folic Acid supplement can prevent

A
  • Non closure of neural tube leading to spina bifinda. 400 micrograms is required daily
60
Q

Foods rich in Folic Acid

A

Orange juice
Spinach

61
Q

Why eating fish is not recommended in Pregnancy

A
  • Fish contains high amounts of Mercury - an industrial waste which accumulates in Fish. Mercury can pass through placenta and can create miscarriage, preterm birth, lower IQ
62
Q

2 Maternal Ages dangerous for Pregnancy

A

1- Adolescence
2- 35 +

63
Q

Issues related to Maternal Age and Pregnancy

A

adolescent mothers - higher mortality rate
40 -50 Yrs - Down Syndrome

64
Q

ADHD

A

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder

65
Q

3 Stages of Birth process

A

1- Uterine contractions (6-12Hrs)
2- baby starts moving out through cervix and birth canal head first (45min-1Hr)
3-After birth - Placenta and umbilical cord detached

66
Q

Doulas

A

a doula attends a childbearing woman. Doula is a Greek word that means “a woman who helps.”

67
Q

3 Types of drugs used in labour

A

1- Analgesics - Pain relievers
2- Anesthesia - Epidural anesthetics used in first stage to reduce pain
3- Oxytocin

68
Q

3 Types of drugs used in labor

A

1- Analgesics - Pain relievers
2- Anesthesia - Epidural anesthetics used in first stage to reduce pain
3- Oxytocin

69
Q

Natural childbirth

A

Use of birth education and relaxation techniques to manage pain and fear during child birth stages

70
Q

prepared childbirth

A

French obstetrician LAMAZE focuses on breath control, education and partner involvement during pregnancy to reduce pain

71
Q

breech position,

A

the baby’s head is still in the uterus when the rest of the body is out.

72
Q

techniques to reduce stress during and after birth process

A

1 Natural Birth
2Prepared birth
3 Meditation and yoga
4 Hypnosis
5 Music therapy
6 -Water birth

73
Q

APGAR Scale

A

used to assess the health of newborns at one and five minutes after birth. This evaluates Heart Rate, Berating efforts, Body color, Muscle tone and reflexes

74
Q

APGAR Scale Readings

A

0-3 - Emergency and life threatening conditions7-10 - Good stress and
5 - Developmental Issues
7-10 good environmental tolerance

75
Q

Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS)

A

A measure that is used in the first month typically within 24 -36 hrs of life to assess:
1- Neurological development
2- Reflexes
3- Reactions to other people and objects

76
Q

Neonatal Intensive Care Unit Network Neurobehavioral Scale (NNNS)

A

Offspring of NBAS (Beazelton’s Neonatal behavioural Assessment Scale) provides:
provides another assessment of the newborn’s behavior, neuro-logical and stress responses, and regulatory capacities.
Used to assess pre term and substance exposed infants.

77
Q

Low birth weight infants

A

infants weigh less than 51⁄2 pounds at birth.

78
Q

Very Low birth weight infants

A

newborns weigh under 31⁄2 pounds,

79
Q

extremely low birth weight newborns

A

weigh under 2 pounds.

80
Q

Preterm infants

A

those born three weeks or more before the pregnancy has reached its full term, before 37 weeks

81
Q

Small for date infants

A

(also called small for gestational age infants ) are those whose birth weight is below normal when the length of the pregnancy is considered. Small for date infants may be preterm or full term

82
Q

What is used to prevent pre term Delivery

A

Progestin. It works for women with smaller cervical length, previous history of spontaneous delivery or pregnant women with one fetus

83
Q

Extreme preterm infants

A

born before the 28th week of pregnancy,

84
Q

very preterm infants

A

born before 33 weeks but after 28 weeks of gestational age.

85
Q

Effects of low birth weight

A
  • Low immunity
  • ADHD
  • Breathing issues such as asthma
  • Learning issues
86
Q

interventions in the neonatal intensive care unit (NICU)

A

1- Kangaroo Care
2- Massage therapy

87
Q

Kangaroo Care

A

Baby is held on chest for 2-3 hrs. during early infancy. Helps in coordinating heart rate, breathing, temperature

88
Q

postpartum period

A

Period of 6 weeks after delivery where women adjusts psychologically and physiologically to the process of child birth and completes the adjustments required to return to pre-pregnancy stage

89
Q

Adjustments required in postpartum period

A
  1. Physical
  2. Emotional
  3. Psychological
90
Q

Issues in PHYSICAL ADJUSTMENTS

A

Lack of sleep affecting energy levels required to care for new born

91
Q

Issues in EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL Adjustments

A
  • Mood swings
  • Anxiety
  • Depression
92
Q

postpartum depression

A

Characteristic of women who have such strong feelings of sadness, anxiety, or despair that they have trouble coping with daily tasks during the postpartum period.

93
Q

Ways to treat postpartum depression

A

1- Regular exercise
2- Psychotherapy
3- Antidepressant drugs

94
Q

bonding

A

the formation of a connection, especially a physical bond between parents and the newborn in the period shortly after birth

95
Q

Is bonding critical for optimal development

A

Lorenz demonstrated the importance of bonding in graylag geese, but the first few days of life are unlikely to be a critical period for bonding in human infants.

PSYC 323 - Athabasca (20 decks)

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