Athabasca Quiz 1 Flashcards
_________________________ is the specialization of function in one hemisphere of the cerebral cortex or the other.
Select one:
a. Temporalization
b. Lateralization
c. Occipital divide
d. Differentiation
b. Lateralization
When does the greatest sensitivity to teratogens begin?
Select one:
a. 3 weeks after conception
b. 6 weeks after conception
c. 12 weeks after conception
d. 16 weeks after conception
a. 3 weeks after conception
Which of the following is not a context for a child’s development?
Select one:
a. Culture
b. Ethnicity
c. Language development
d. Gender
c. Language development
Two-year-old Benjamin asserts his independence and realizes his will. He tests his parents’ boundaries. Based on Erikson’s psychosocial theory, if he is restrained or punished too harshly, he is likely to develop
Select one:
a. guilt
b. despair
c. identity confusion
d. shame and doubt
d. shame and doubt
When Roberto observes his two children drawing, he notes a striking difference in their motor behaviour. Two-year-old Mona makes crude drawings utilizing mostly upper arm movement, whereas six-year-old Mary makes very precise strokes utilizing fine finger movements. This difference is best explained by the ________ principle.
Select one:
a. proximodistal
b. dominant-recessive
c. cephalocaudal
d. hierarchical
proximodistal
The activity of genes, or __________________, is affected by the environment and by hormones that circulate in the blood.
Select one:
a. reproduction
b. genetic expression
c. genetic stability
d. meiosis
b. genetic expression
The American Academy of Pediatrics is in favour of
Select one:
a. breastfeeding over bottle feeding
b. bottle feeding over breastfeeding
c. early introduction of solid foods
d. breastfeeding for the first two weeks only
. breastfeeding over bottle feeding
Two-year-old Donald has below-average intelligence, a heart defect, and facial deformities. Based on this description, a physician would likely hypothesize that Donald’s mother
Select one:
a. smoked throughout her pregnancy
b. was exposed to German measles during her pregnancy
c. drank alcohol throughout her pregnancy
d. had AIDS when she was carrying Donald
c. drank alcohol throughout her pregnancy
Gesell believes that motor development comes about through the unfolding of a genetic plan called
Select one:
a. organogenesis
b. maturation
c. memory
d. an activity plan
b. maturation
The child who is best thought of as engaging in a cognitive process is the one who is
Select one:
a. gripping his bottle
b. drooling on his bib
c. learning to speak Spanish
d. expressing anger that she could not be in the play
c. learning to speak Spanish
Child development experts believe that motor activity during the second year is vital to the child’s competent development and that the child should have
Select one:
a. as many restrictions as possible
b. only restrictions for safety
c. only restriction for social development
d. no restrictions
b. only restrictions for safety
__________________ consists of observable characteristics, including physical characteristics and psychological characteristics.
Select one:
a. Genotype
b. Chromosomes
c. Phenotype
d. Phenylketonuria
c. Phenotype
What is a perfect Apgar score?
Select one:
a. 0
b. 5
c. 7
d. 10
d. 10
In order to develop motor skills, infants must perceive something in the environment that motivates them to act and use their perceptions to finely tune their movements. This is the same as saying
Select one:
a. perception is not important to motor development
b. motivation is only a very small part of the motor development
c. motor skills represent solutions to the infant’s goals
d. motor skills represent complete withdrawal
c. motor skills represent solutions to the infant’s goals
If one gene of a pair is dominant and one is recessive, the dominant gene exerts its effect, overriding the potential influence of the other, recessive gene. What is this process called?
Select one:
a. Gene-affected therapy
b. Genetic surgery
c. Dominant-recessive genes principle
d. X-linked inheritance
c. Dominant-recessive genes principle
Name types of childbirth methods
Hospital—usually uses medication
Natural—decrease pain by education about child birth; breathing techniques
Prepared (Lamaze)—breathing, education about physiology, coach present
Caesarean—used in breech positions, can cause short- and long-term complications and is costly
Waterbirth
Some researchers collect data through interviews and surveys. What are the pros and cons of these approaches?
PROS
They ensure confidentiality/ They save time especially with latest IT technology
Result outputs is quick
/They can be standardized for specific purpose hence reduce ambiguity in interpreting data/Surveys and interviews can encompass mass population for generating specific data
CONS
Descriptive surveys can lead to vagueness/validity of data can be questioned when the answers are marked without giving required thought/False inputs can lead to misleading results/can lead to research bias in the initial stages of data collection
In the brain structure, each hemisphere of the cortex has four major areas called lobes. Name these lobes, and explain the primary function of each.
- Frontal Lobe
- Temporal Lobe
- Parietal Lobe
- Occipital Lobe
Key points of Frontal Lobe
Called main conductor of the brain and matures late. primary function is to drive reasoning, control and direct conflicting actions, emotions.
- Frontal lobe is said to have a dominant control over Amygdala which is a center for emotions. This is also called top down control where frontal lobe contemplates on any action and its consequences.
- Frontal lobe is sub divided in to pre frontal lobe which also hold primary structures that control sleep patterns.
Key points of Temporal Lobe
Called as center for hearing as auditory nerves merge in to temporal lobes. This area is primarily responsible for hearing function
- Two primary regions Broca’s area and Wernicke’s Area lie within the boundaries of Temporal and frontal love that regulate language and speech
Key points of Parietal Lobe
Is a mid part sandwiched between Occipital and frontal lobe.
The Parietal lobe governs sensory motor organ function such as moving fingers, hand, walking
Also spatial memory and spatial regulation is a primary function of Parietal lobe
Key points of Occipital Lobe
- Rear part of the cerebral structure that is primarily responsible for vision.
- Nerves from eye travel all the way from frontal lobe to mod brain and finally merge in Occipital lobe
- Damage to Occipital lobe during critical period of birth results in full or partial blindness which is also coupled with loss of perception. However damage to the occipital lobe in later years results in only blindness however perceptive abilities are retained for the person even if the one is unable to see the object.
If someone you know becomes pregnant, what are the three most important things that you believe the pregnant mother (and father) should know about prenatal development?
- Prenatal development can be impacted by harmful substances (teratogens)- especially between 3-9 weeks of development where the impact in highest. So mother must stay away from alcohol, psychoactive drugs including prescription medication which should be consumed after consulting family physician.
- Mother’s diet and nutrition is critical aspect in prenatal development. Mothers must take folic acid supplements and vitamin D to prevent neural tube defects. Study shows that children of malnourished mothers show developmental challenges that range from attention deficits to a full scale neurological disorders and physical abnormalities . Hence expectant mothers must eat healthy diet that includes protein supplements, carbohydrates, vitamins. Avoid eating fish if possible to prevent lead poisoning.
- Exercise daily to regulate physical fitness and moods - Pregnancy, though a natural process, it takes toll on emotional and physical wellbeing of mother as well as father. Exercising as needed is the best way to stay fit and happy. This also helps reducing stress hormones which can affect fetal and embryo development in prenatal stages.
Describe and give two examples of the perceptual-motor coupling of an infant.
Perceptual motor skills involves hand - eye coordination, movements related to time. A child learning to adjust walking speed on the slope as compared to walking on the even surface is one example of perceptual motor coupling. Here a child is constantly judging the slope and it’s effect on his / her walking speed and in the constant perceptive action adjusting speed by controlling various leg muscles
Another example could be a child learning to catch a moving ball. Here eye and hand movement is coordinated to execute a smooth judgement to catch the ball within the time frame. Again a constant eye motion and hand coordination results in a catching a ball.
Research shows that high amounts of caffeine consumption by pregnant women do not increase the risk of miscarriage, congenital malformations, or growth retardation
True
False
True
Fetal alcohol spectrum disorders (FASD)
cluster of abnormalities and problems that appear in the off spring of mothers who drink alcohol heavily during pregnancy
Effect of Alcohol in Pregnency
facial deformities and defective limbs, face, and heart ,body malformations, learning problems
Effect of Nicotine in Pregnency
Preterm births and low birth weights, fetal and neonatal deaths, and respiratory problems and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS, also known as crib death)
Effect of Cocaine in Pregnenecy
Reduced birth weight, length, and head circumference
lower arousal, less effective self-regulation, higher excitability, and lower quality of reflexes
Effect of Methamphetamine in Pregnenecy
low birth weight, and developmental and behavioral problems
Effect of Marijuana in Pregnenecy
marijuana exposure was related to lower intelligence in children
Effect of Heroin in Pregnenecy
behavioral difficulties at birth that include include withdrawal symptoms, such as tremors, irritability, abnormal crying, disturbed sleep, and impaired motor control.
Stages of Birth
Uterine contractions - 6 to 12 hours
Baby moving through the cervix and the birth canal - 45 Min - 1hr
Afterbirth - the placenta, umbilical cord, and
other membranes are detached and expelled
