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PSYC 323 - Athabasca > Chapter 2 Biological Beginnings > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Biological Beginnings Flashcards

1
Q

identical twins

A

Twins from same fertilized egg

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2
Q

fraternal twins

A

Twins from different fertilized eggs

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3
Q

Natural selection

A

is the evolutionary process by which those individuals of a species that are best adapted are the ones that survive and reproduce.

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4
Q

Charles Darwin Famous Book

A

The Origin of Species (1859),

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5
Q

Adaptive behavior

A

behavior that promotes an organism’s survival in the natural habitat.

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6
Q

evolutionary psychology

A

Branch of psychology that emphasizes the importance of adaptation, reproduction, and “survival of the fittest” in shaping behavior.

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7
Q

Evolutionary Developmental Psychology

A

Branch of PSYC that focuses on Adaptation, reproduction and survival of fittest from developmental side view

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8
Q

Why humans have extended childhood?

A

-Human brains take long time to develop fully
- Human societies’ are complex and to fully understand complexities humans take time

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9
Q

what are evolved mechanisms?

A

behaviours that were passed on from generation to another. Such as hunting, calculation, farming. They eventually become modules

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10
Q

genetic code

A

—information that helps us grow from a single cell to a person made of trillions of cells, each containing a replica of the original code.

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11
Q

chromosomes,

A

threadlike structures made
up of deoxy-ribo-nucleic acid, or DNA

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12
Q

DNA / Deoxy-ribo-nucleic

A

complex molecule that has a double helix shape (like a spiral staircase) and contains genetic information

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13
Q

Genes

A

units of hereditary information, are short segments of DNA,

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14
Q

Function Of genes

A
  • help cells to reproduce themselves
  • assemble proteins.
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15
Q

Proteins

A
  • Materials produced by genes
    -building blocks of cells
    -as well as the regulators that direct the body’s processes (
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16
Q

human genome

A

the complete set of developmental information for creating proteins that initiate the making of a human organism (

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17
Q

genome-wide association method

A
  • blood sample is used to collect DNA
  • Each DNA is purified and scanned to see markers of genetic variations.
  • Place of variation in the sample of the person with disorder is supposed to have caused the issue / disorder
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18
Q

Linkage analysis

A

goal is to discover the location of a gene(s) in relation to a marker gene (whose position is already known), is often used in the search for a disease gene(s)

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19
Q

Next-generation sequencing

A

is a term that is now used to describe the vast increase in genetic data generated at a much reduced cost and in a much shorter period of time

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20
Q

mitosis

A

Cellular reproduction in which the cell’s nucleus duplicates itself with two new cells being formed, each containing the same DNA as the parent cell, arranged in the same 23 pairs of chromosomes.

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21
Q

meiosis

A

A specialized form of cell division that forms eggs and sperm (also known as gametes). During meiosis, a cell of the testes (in men) or ovaries (in women) duplicates its chromosomes but then divides twice, thus forming four cells, each of which has only half of the genetic material of the parent cell. By the end of meiosis, each egg or sperm has 23 unpaired chromosomes.

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22
Q

fertilization

A

A stage in reproduction during which an egg and a sperm fuse to create a single cell, called a zygote.

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23
Q

zygote

A

A single cell formed through fertilization. In the zygote, the 23 unpaired chromosomes from the egg and the 23 unpaired chromosomes from the sperm combine to form one set of 23 paired chromosomes—one chromosome of each pair from the mother’s egg and the other from the father’s sperm. In this manner, each parent contributes half of the offspring’s genetic material

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24
Q

How do the genes manage to get passed from generation to generation and end up in all of the trillion cells in the body?

A

Three processes explain the heart of the story: mitosis, meiosis, and fertilization

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25
Q

Number of chromosomes in each cell

A

46 in pairs of 23

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26
Q

chromosome mix for Male

A

XY

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27
Q

chromosome mix for Female

A

XX

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28
Q

Fraternal twins = dizygotic twins

A

Twins develop when two eggs are each fertilized by a different sperm,

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29
Q

Identical twins = monozygotic twins

A

develop from a single zygote that splits into two genetically identical replicas, each of which becomes a person.

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30
Q

mutated gene

A

permanently altered segment of DNA.

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31
Q

genotype

A

person’s genetic material makes up non observable and non measurable characteristics. E.G personality and intelligence

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32
Q

phenotype

A

consists of observable characteristics. Eg - height, weight, and hair color

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33
Q

What are GENETIC PRINCIPLES

A

dominant-recessive genes, sex-linked genes,
genetic imprinting, polygenically determined characteristics.

34
Q

dominant gene

A

one gene of a pair always exerts its effects over riding potential influence of the other gene,

35
Q

recessive genes

A

A pair of genes that gets influenced by other gene losing its potential influence.
If you inherit a recessive gene for a trait from each of your parents, you will show the trait.

36
Q

Can two brown-haired parents have a blond-haired child?

A

If both have a recessive gene for blond hair and a child inherits both recessive genes for blond hair

37
Q

Why , most individuals who have X-linked diseases are males?

A

Because males have only one copy of X chromosome. So if the mutated gene is on X chromosome then Males do not have a back up of another X Chromosome to reduce /override the effect of mutated gene

38
Q

What if women have X Chromosome linked Disorder ?

A

Women become carriers of that disorder

39
Q

Genetic imprinting

A

Genetic imprinting occurs when genes have differing effects depending on whether they are inherited from the mother or the father .A chemical process “silences” one member of the gene pair. For example, as a result of imprinting, only the maternally derived copy of a gene might be active, while the paternally derived copy of the same gene is silenced—or vice versa

40
Q

Polygenic Inheritance

A

Most characteristics are determined by the interaction of many different genes; they are said to be polygenically determined .

41
Q

gene-gene interaction

A

interdependence of two or more genes in influencing characteristics, behavior, diseases, and development

42
Q

Gamete

A

A specialized form of cell division that forms eggs and sperm (also known as gametes).

43
Q

Chromosomal Abnormalities

A

Sometimes a gamete is formed in which the male’s sperm and/or the female’s ovum do not have their normal set of 23 chromosomes. The most notable examples involve Down syndrome and abnormalities of the sex chromosomes

44
Q

Explain Down Syndrome

A
  • fallout of Chromosomal Abnormalities
  • Appears once in 700 live births
  • Has extra copy of 21 chromosome - not known why
  • round face, a flattened skull, an extra fold of skin over the eyelids, a protruding tongue, short limbs, and disabilities involving motor and intellectual development.
45
Q

Explain sex linked Chromosomal Abnormalities

A

Males have XY and females have XX chromosomes. So for humans at least one copy of X chromosome is vital. In sex linked chromosomal abnormalities there is a presence of extra chromosome either X or Y

46
Q

Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) - Chromosomal Abnormality

A

-Males have an extra X chromosome, making them XXY instead of XY
- Undeveloped testes
- enlarged breasts
- significant impairment in language, academic, attentional, and motor abilities in boys
- Happens 1/800 live male births

47
Q

Fragile X syndrome - Chromosomal Abnormality

A
  • Weak, narrowed broken X chromosome
  • Happens more in Males than Females, because females have additional X chromosome to back up
  • Long face, high arched palette, soft skin
  • Learning disabilities, cognitive efixits in inhibition, memory and planning
48
Q

Turner syndrome - Chromosomal Abnormality

A
  • chromosomal disorder in females
  • One X chromosome is missing making a person with XO chromosome or a part of X chromosome is deleted
  • Short in Hight, webbed neck, infertility, cognitive deficits in number processing such as mathematics
  • Happens 1/2500 live female births
49
Q

XYY syndrome - Chromosomal Abnormality

A
  • Extra copy of Y chromosome is present in Males
  • Early studies believed that Extra Y chromosome made males more aggressive, however that proved otherwise in recent research.
50
Q

Gene-Linked Abnormalities

A

Abnormalities can be produced by harmful genes.
Examples - Phenylketonuria (PKU) & sickle-cell anemia

51
Q

Phenylketonuria (PKU) - Gene Linked Abnormality

A
  • Person is not able to metabolize amino acid Phenylalanine
  • Accumulation of this amino acid can lead to intellectual disabilities
  • This can be controlled by a diet that is not rich in phenylalanine such as peanuts, soybeans
52
Q

Sickle-cell anemia

A
  • A red blood cell is usually round and carries rich blood and oxygen to the body parts
  • In Sickle Cell anemia RBC becomes sickle / hook shape and can not deliver proper amount of oxygen rich blood to body parts
  • Cell dies pre maturely and body organs are affected causing early death
53
Q

Prenatal Diagnostic Tests

A

1- Ultrasound - Use of sound waves to see growth and structural abnormalities of fetus
2 - fetal MRI -Used to detect minute structural abnormalities including including microencephaly, a form of intellectual disability involving an abnormally small brain
3 - Chorionic Villus Sampling (CVS) - 9.5 and 12.5 weeks of pregnancy / used in detect genetic defects and chromosomal abnormalities, Small part of placenta is removed for testing. May result in lib deformity
4- Amniocentesis - Examination of amniotic fluid to test chromosomal abnormalities
5. Maternal Blood Screening - 16-18 Weeks
6 - Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPD)
7 - Fetal Sex Determination

54
Q

Maternal Blood Screening

A

Detects birth defects such as spina bifida (a defect in the spinal cord) and Down syndrome. birth defects such as spina bifida (a defect in the spinal cord) and Down syndrome

55
Q

Noninvasive Prenatal Diagnosis (NIPD)

A
  • alternative to procedures such as chorionic villus sampling and amniocentesis
  • Small amounts of DNA traces that float in mother’s blood are collected and examined for Huntington’s disease and cystic fibrosis
56
Q

Fetal Sex Determination

A
  • Chorionic villus sampling has often been used between 11 and 13 weeks of gestation.
  • Advanced imaging technology is also used to detect the sex of the fetus as early as 7th week.
  • raises ethical issues about detecting disorders as this might lead to termination
57
Q

Infertility

A

Inability to conceive a child after 12 months of regular intercourse without contraception.

58
Q

IVF - (s in vitro fertilization )

A

eggs and sperm are combined in a laboratory dish. If any eggs are successfully fertilized, one or more of the resulting fertilized eggs is transferred into the woman’s uterus

59
Q

meta-analysis

A

Combining the result of multiple studies to measure the strength of an effect

60
Q

Reasons for diversity in adaptation of children

A
  • Increased use of contraceptives and Legal abortions
    Both factors make children less available for adaptation hence infertile couples reach-out for more diverse backgrounds where income requirements are less
61
Q

ADOPTION

A

legal process by which a parent-child relationship is established between persons unrelated at birth

62
Q

Why adaptation in early age within 12 months of age is preferred

A
  • Better adjustment with family
  • Less juvenile delinquency after growing up
  • Nurturing is strong
63
Q

Keys to effective parenting

A
  • Be supportive and caring
  • involve and monitor child’s whereabouts
  • communicate well
  • help child to develop self control
64
Q

Things to remember while parenting for Adapted child

A
  • Acknowledge differences in birth family life
  • Communicate about those differences
  • help the child in exploring self identity
  • Show respect for birth family
65
Q

Issues faced by parents in adapted children in various stages

A

Infancy - Attachment issue 9 Hormonal and natural
Early Childhood - “Being truthful about adaptation as child asks where I came from?
- Middle and late childhood - Children may want to explore their roots, who are there original parents, why did they leave them? this creates anger
Adolescence - adapted children develop logical thinking. Start comparing physical differences between them and adaptive parents and ask questions that might be uncomfortable

66
Q

Behavior genetics

A

Field that seeks to discover the influence of heredity and environment on individual differences in human traits and development

67
Q

What Behavior genetics tries to explore?

A
  • To what extent either genetics or environment is responsible to develop a behavioural trait in human.
68
Q

Methods used by behavior genetics for study?

A

1- Twin Study
2- Adapted children Vs Non adapted children study

69
Q

Twin study

A

Behavioral similarity of identical twins (who are
genetically identical is compared with the behavioral similarity of fraternal twins

70
Q

adoption study

A

Study that seeks out if behavioural characteristics are similar to biological parents or they are similar to adaptive parents

71
Q

Issues with twin Studies

A
  • Identical Twins may be perceived as a Set rather than non identical Twins hence parents might expose them to a similar environment.
  • Identical twins due to their physiological similarities my play together and perceive themselves as same / similar
    Bothe factors may create issues in separating their environment
72
Q

3 Types of Heredity - Environment Correlation

A

1- Passive Genotype Environment Correlation
2- Evocative Genotype Environment Correlation
3 - Niche Picking Environment Correlation

73
Q

passive genotype-environment correlations

A

Natural parents genetically related to child provide rearing environment. Example parents with higher IQ - good at reading provide good books - child develops reading habit

74
Q

passive genotype-environment correlations

A

Child genetics induces a certain behaviour that evokes a certain response. E.g. - A smiling child receives more attention from teachers etc.

75
Q

Niche Picking / Active Genotype passive genotype-environment correlations

A

Children seek out environments they find compatible and stimulating. E.g. Children like visiting library or music shops

76
Q

How genotype-environment correlations changes as per the age

A
  • From birth to late child hood might be passive genotype environmental. Parents provide environment.
    However as the age grows children learn to take their own decisions - their behavior evolves leading to Evocative genotype and during adolescence it may turn in to niche picking genotype where they select their own environment
77
Q

Shared environmental experiences

A

Children who grow up together in one family have common aspects such as parents intelligence, socio economic status, domestic intellectual orientation, neighborhood they grow up, common friends they have etc.

78
Q

Non shared environmental experiences

A

child’s unique experiences, both within the family and outside the family, that are not shared with a sibling. E.g both children having different set of friends.

79
Q

The Epigenetic View

A

Heredity and environment operate together—or collaborate—to produce a person’s intelligence, temperament, height, weight, ability to pitch a baseball, ability to read, and so on

80
Q

Example of The Epigenetic View

A

During prenatal period mothers diet, stress etc. affect some genes. During infancy baby’s diet, environment also makes some genes weak or strong hence the genetic activity keeps on changing affecting the behaviour

81
Q

Gene 3 Environment Interaction (G X E)

A

Interaction between specific genes and specific environment that leads to changes in behaviour. For E.g. those who have short version of 5 HTTLPR , a gene involving a neurotransmitter serotonin if interacts with a high stress environments leads to depression. Here a 5 HTTLPR did not lead to depression however a specific environment with that did

PSYC 323 - Athabasca (20 decks)

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