Chapter 5- Mood Disorders Flashcards
Disorders which involve cardinal symptoms of depression including profound sadness and/or an inability to experience pleasure
Depressive sisorders
Disorders which involves disabling disturbances in emotion
Mood disorders
Slow thoughts and movement seen in some people suffering from depression
Psychomotor retardation
Inability to sit still (pacing, fidgeting) for people suffering from depression
Psychomotor agitation
Diagnosis of this disorder requires five depressive symptoms to be present for at least 2 weeks
Major depressive disorder
Symptoms of this disorder includes: sad mood or lost of pleasure in usual activities. At least five symptoms: sleeping too much or too little, psychomotor retardation or agitation, weight loss or change in appetite, loss of energy, feelings of worthlessness or excessive guilt, difficulty in concentrating, thinking, or making decisions, recurrent thoughts of death or suicide
Major depressive disorder (MDD)
Disorder that tends to be present for a period if time and then clear
Episodic disorder
Mood disorder wherein the person is chronically depressed for more than half of the time for at least 2 years
Dysthymia (Chronic Depressive Disorder)
Depression happening during the winter season
Seasonal affective disorder
A state if intense elation or irritability accompanied by other symptoms shown in the diagnostic criteria
Mania
A less extreme form of mania
Hypomania
A disorder that include a single episode of mania during the course of a person’s life
Bipolar I Disorder
A disorder that include an experience of at lease in major depressive episode and at least one episode of hypomania
Bipolar II Disorder
A disorder that includes the presence of frequent but mild symptoms if depression altering with mild symptoms of mania which must be present for at least 2 years among adults
Cyclothymic Disorder
Diagnosis of this disorder requires three depressive symptoms to be present for at least 10 days
Clinical depression
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by episodes happening regularly at a particular time of the year with at least for episodes within the past year
Seasonal pattern or Rapid cycling
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by delusions or hallucinations with themes that are consistent with mood state (guilt, disease, or death themes accompanying depression)
Mood-congruent psychotic features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by delusions or hallucinations with themes that do not march the valence if the depressive or manic episode
Moon-incongruent psychotic features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having at least three manic symptoms present during a depressive episode, or at least three depressive symptoms present during a manic episode
Mixed features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having extreme physical immobility or excessive peculiar physical movement
Catatonic features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having lack of pleasure in any activity, inability to gain relief from positive events, and at least three other symptoms of depression, such as a distinct quality of mood, depressive symptoms that are worse in the morning than at other times of day, waking at least 2 hours too early, loss of appetite, psychomotor retardation or agitation or guilt
Melancholic features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having symptoms that are unusual for depressive or manic episodes present
Atypical features
A subtype of major depressive disorder and bipolar disorder that is defined by having suicidal ideation, plans, or other risk indicators present
Suicide risk severity
Dopamine plays a major role in the sensitivity if the ______ system in the brain, which is believed to guide pleasure, motivation and energy in the context if opportunities to obtain rewards.
Reward
A precursor if serotonin
Tryptophan
A type of brain-imaging study which focuses on whether a brain region is smaller or larger among people with a disorder compared to control participants
Structural studies
A type of brain-imaging study which focuses on whether the is a change in activity of a brain region
Functional activation studies
Four primary brain structures that have been most studies in depression
The amygdala, the subgenual anterior cingulate, the hippocampus and the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
Part of the brain that helps a person asses how emotionally important a stimulus is
Amygdala
Part of the brain present during mania but not during depression
Striatum
A syndrome which causes oversecretion of cortisol, frequently experience depressive symptoms
Cushing’s syndrome
This term is defined as a family member’s critical or hostile comments toward or emotional overinvolvement with the person with depression
Expressed Emotion (EE)
A personality trait that involves the tendency to react to events with greater-than-average negative affect
Neuroticism
Cognitive theory of depression that is associated with a negative triad: negative views of the self, the world, and the future
Beck’s Theory
Tendencies to process information in certain negative ways
Cognitive Biases
Beck’s self-report scale which includes items
concerning whether people would consider themselves worthwhile or lovable.
Dysfunctional Attitudes Scale (DAS)
A Cognitive theory of depression that states that the most important trigger of depression is hopelessness, which is defined as an expectation that (1) desirable outcomes will not occur and that (2) the person has no responses available to change this situation.
Hopelessness Theory
The explanations a person forms about why
a stressor has occurred
Attribution
A Cognitive theory of depression that states that a specific way of thinking called rumination may increase the risk of depression
Rumination Theory
Is defined as a tendency to repetitively dwell on sad experiences and thoughts, or to chew on material again and again
Rumination
The first model suggests that mania reflects a disturbance in the reward system of the brain
Reward Sensitivity
The core of the therapy is to examine major interpersonal problems, such as role transitions, interpersonal conflicts, bereavement, and interpersonal isolation
Interpersonal Psychotherapy
Therapy aimed at altering maladaptive thought patterns
Cognitive Therapy
An adaptation of CT which focuses on relapse prevention after successful treatment for recurrent episodes of major depression
Mindfulness-based cognitive therapy (MBCT)
Treatment based on the idea that many of the risk factors for depression can result in low levels of positive reinforcement
Behavioral Activation (BA) Therapy
Therapy aimed at relationship problems, including marital and family distress
Behavioral Couples Therapy (s called in the book but Family Focused Therapy also included)
A treatment approach that help people learn about the symptoms of the disorder, the expected time course of symptoms, the biological and psychological triggers for symptoms, and treatment strategies
Psychoeducational approach
Entails deliberately inducing a momentary seizure and unconsciousness by passing a 70- to 130-volt current through the patient’s brain
Electroconvulsive Therapy (for Depression)
Three major categories of antidepressant drugs
Monoamine oxidase inhibitors (MAOIs), tricyclic antidepressants, and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs)
A naturally occurring chemical element which is also the first mood stabilizer identified
Lithium
This term refers to thoughts of killing oneself and is much more common than attempted or completed suicide
Suicidal ideation
This term involve behaviors that are intended to cause death but do not result in death
Suicide attempts
This term involves behaviors that are intended to cause death and actually do so
Suicide
This term involves behaviors that are meant to cause immediate bodily harm but are not intended to cause death
Non-suicidal self-injury
