Chapter 10 - Substance Use Disorders Flashcards
Prior to the DSM 5, pathological use of substances fell into these categories
substance abuse
substance dependence
Problems with the two category distinction
poor reliability of the substance abuse category
most people who meet criteria for abuse do not develop dependence
represent only one category
Proposed criteria for Substance Use
problematic pattern of use that impairs functioning 2 or more in 1 year failure to meet obligations repeat use in dangerous situations repeated relationship problems continued use despite problems from use tolerance withdrawal taken longer or in larger doses efforts to reduce/control do not work spend time trying to obtain substance other activities redued continued use despite knowing problems caused by substance strong craving
A more severe substance use disorder that is characterized by having more symptoms,tolerance and withdrawal, by using more of the substance than intended, by trying unsuccessfully to stop, by having physical or psychological problems made worse by the drug and by experiencing problems at work or with friends
addiction
severe with 4+
addiction with either tolerance or withdrawal
with physiological dependence
indicated by either
large doses of substance for the desired effect or
the effects of the drug become less if the usual amount is taken
tolerance
negative physical and psychological effects that develop when a person stops taking the substance or reduces amount
Withdrawal
withdrawal symptoms
muscle pains, twitching, sweats, vomiting, diarrhea, insomnia
when the person becomes delirious, tremulous and has hallucinations that may be visual and tactile
delirium tremens
responsible for alcohol tolerance
liver enzymes
changes in number or sensitivity of GABA or glutamate receptor
abusing more than one drug at a time
polydrug abuse
prevalence of alcohol abuse by ethnicity
asian americans< african americans< hispanic and whites
metabolization of alcohol
1 ounce of 100 proof liquor per hour
factors affecting levels of alcohol in the bloodstream
amount ingested/ time
presence of food in the stomach
weight and body fat
efficiency of the liver
effects of alcohol on the neural system
stimulates GABA ( reduce tension) increase serotonin and dopamine (pleasure) inhibits glutamate receptors (slow thinking, memory loss)
severe loss of memory for both recent and long past events
amnestic syndrome
a disease in which some liver cells become engorged with fat and protein, impeding their function
cirrhosis of the liver
when the growth of the fetus is slowed, and cranial, facial and limb anomalies can be produced due to the consumption of alcohol by pregnant women during pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome
Smoke coming from the burning end of a cigarette
secondhand smoke
environmental tobacco smoke
consists of the dried and crushed leaves and flowering tops of a hemp plant
marijuana
cannabis sativa
produced by removing and drying the resin exudate of the tops of cannabis plants
hashish
MJ effects on brain
CB1 receptors in hippocampus
increased blood flow to areas of emotion
decreased blood flow in auditory attention
therapeutic effects of MJ
reduce nausea and loss of appetite in chemo patients
relief for AIDS
a group of addictive drugs that in moderate doses relieve pain and induce sleep
opiates
plant of joy
opium
powerful sedative and pain reliever from opium
alkaloid morphine
God’s own medicine
more potent than morphine
taken smoked, snorted or orally
heroin
opiates legally prescribes as pain meds
hydrocodone and oxycodone
drug often used in childbirth
pethidine
drug used as substitute drug for heroin addiction
methadone
increase alertness and motor activity
stimulants
release norepinephrine and dopamine, block the reuptake of these neurotransmitters
amphetamines
reasons why amphetamines are used in dieting
wakefulness
inhibited intestinal functions
reduce appetite
central nervous system stimulant similar to but more intense and longer lasting than cocaine
methamphetamine
comes in a rock crystal form that is heated, melted and smoked
crack
blocks the reuptake of dopamine in mesolimbic areas
cocaine
substances that users report to expand consciousness
from Greek words for soul and to make manifest
psychedelic
hallucinations as main effect of drug
hallucinogens
visual recurrences of psychedelic experiences after the physiological effects of the drug have worn off
flashbacks
hallucinogen persisting perception disorder
peyote cactus native american religious rites
mescaline
shrooms
psilocybin
appetite suppressant for WW1 soldiers
MDMA methylenedioxyamphetamine
category of ecstacy
entactogens
developed as a tranquilizer for large animals
pcp phencyclidine angel dust
enzymes involved in alcohol metabolism
alcohol dehydrogenases
blood flow to the face
flushing
model wherein problems in the dopamine system may increase the vulnerability of some people to become dependent on a substance
vulnerability model
model wherein problems in the dopamine system are the consequence of taking substances
toxic effect model
neurobiological theory that considers both the craving for drugs and the pleasure that comes with taking the drug
dopa system linked to pleasure becomes supersensitive to even cues associated with drugs
incentive-sensitization theory
button pressing
basal ganglia
inferofrontal gyrus
premotor areas
a persistent desire for arousal along with increased positive affect
negative emotionality
cautious behavior, harm avoidance, conservative moral standards
constraint
how social environment is related to substance use disorders
social influence model
social selection model
primary role of specialist treatment
reduce or stop in a safe manner
approach focused on promoting renewed self reliance
rational recovery
CBT for alcohol and drug use disorders that involves teaching people to reinforce behaviors inconsistent with drinking
contingency management therapy
drug that discourages drinking by causing violent vomiting if alcohol is ingested
antabuse
moderate alcohol consumption
controlled drinking
The strategy is to reduce nicotine intake gradually over a period of a few weeks by getting smokers to agree to increase the time between cigarette
scheduled smoking
This treatment involves a combination of CBT techniques and techniques associated with helping clients generate solutions that work for themselves.
motivational interviewing or enhancement therapy
drugs chemically similar to heroin that can replace the body’s craving for it
heroin substitutes
drugs that prevent the user from experiencing heroin high
opiate antagonists
by acting on the same central nervous system receptors, they become a substitute for the original dependency
cross-dependent
Students learn about the nature of peer pressure and ways to say no
peer pressure resistance training
Changing beliefs about the prevalence of smoking
correction of beliefs and expectations
counter the positive images of smokers that have been put forward in the media
inoculation against mass media messages
programs involve peers of recognized status
peer leadership
