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Biology Final Studying > Chapter 5: Large Biological Molecules Structure And Function > Flashcards

Chapter 5: Large Biological Molecules Structure And Function Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Condensation Reaction

A

A reaction in which two molecules are covalently bonded to each other with the loss of a small molecule

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2
Q

Dehydration Reaction

A

A chemical reaction in which two molecules become covalently bonded to each other with the removal of a water molecule

Functions in the assembly of monomers to polymers

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3
Q

Hydrolysis

A

A chemical reaction that breaks bonds between two molecules by the addition of water

Functions in the disassembly of polymers to monomers

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4
Q

Monosaccharide

A

The simplest carbohydrate, active alone or serving as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides

Have a molecular formula that is some multiple of CH2O

Have a carbonyl group and multiple hydroxyl groups

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5
Q

Disaccharide

A

A double sugar, consisting of two monosaccharides joined by a glycosidic linkage formed by a dehydration reaction

Must be broken down by organisms to be used for energy

Maltose - 2 glucose
Sucrose - glucose+fructose
Lactose - glucose+galactose

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6
Q

Glycosidic linkage

A

A covalent bond formed between two monosaccharides by a dehydration reaction

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7
Q

Polysaccharides

A

A polymer of many monosaccharides, formed by dehydration reactions. The architecture and function of a polysaccharide is determined by its monosaccharides and the position of its glycosidic linkages

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8
Q

Starch

A

A storage polysaccharide in plants, consisting entirely of glucose monomers joined by glycosidic linkages.

Starch is largely helical which enables it to fit more glucose or energy into a denser area.

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9
Q

Glycogen

A

An extensively branched glucose polysaccharide found in the liver and muscle of animals; the animal equivalent of starch

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10
Q

Cellulose

A

A structural polysaccharide of plant cell walls, consisting of glucose monomers joined by beta glycosidic linkages.

Enzymes that digest starch by hydrolyzing its linkages are unable to break down the beta linkages in cellulose.

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11
Q

Lipid

A

Any of a group of large biological molecules, including fats, phospholipids, and steroids, that mix poorly, if at all, with water

Does not include true polymers

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12
Q

Fat

A

A lipid consisting of three fatty acids linked to one glycerol molecule

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13
Q

Glycerol

A

An alcohol with each of its three carbons having a hydroxyl group

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14
Q

Fatty Acid

A

A Carboxylic acid with a long carbon chain

The carbon at one end of the skeleton is part of a carboxyl group

The rest consists of a hydrocarbon chain which gives fat its hydrophobic properties

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15
Q

Making of a Fat Molecule

A

Each fatty acid molecule is joined to glycerol through a dehydration reaction which results in an ester linkage

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16
Q

Ester Linkage

A

A bond between a hydroxyl group and a carboxyl group

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17
Q

Unsaturated Fatty Acid

A

A fatty acid that has one or more double bonds between carbon in the hydrocarbon tail, which reduces the number of hydrogen atoms attached to the carbon skeleton

Cis double bonds cause kinks in the hydrocarbon chain

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18
Q

Saturated fat

A

A fat made from saturated fatty acids

Most saturated fats are solid at room temperature because their molecules can pack more tightly together

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19
Q

Unsaturated fat

A

Fats composed of one or more types of unsaturated fatty acids

The kinks from cis double bonds prevent the molecules from packing together closely, so unsaturated fats are normally liquid at room temperature

20
Q

Trans fat

A

An unsaturated fat, formed artificially during hydrogenation of oils, containing one or more trans double bonds.

Trans double bonds do not kink

21
Q

Phospholipids

A

A lipid made up of glycerol joined to two fatty acids and a phosphate group

The hydrocarbon chains of the fatty acids act as non polar, hydrophobic tails

The rest of the molecule acts as a polar, hydrophilic head

The phosphate group is often attached to a small charged or polar molecule

22
Q

Phospholipid bilayer

A

Hydrocarbon tails are hydrophobic. The phosphate group and its attachment form a hydrophilic head. When phospholipids are put into water they self arrange into a double layered sheet with the tails pointing towards the interior.

23
Q

Steroid

A

A type of lipid characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of 4 fused rings with various chemical groups attached

24
Q

Cholesterol

A

A steroid that forms an essential component of animal cell membranes and acts as a precursor molecule for the synthesis of other biologically important steroids, such as hormones

25
Q

Protein

A

A biologically functional molecule consisting of one or more polypeptides folded and coiled into a specific three-dimensional structure

26
Q

Amino acid

A

An organic molecule possessing both a carboxyl and an amino group.

Serve as the monomers of polypeptides

27
Q

Structure of amino acids

A

Central carbon with an amino group, carboxyl group and hydrogen atom.

It is also attached to a side chain, which determine the unique characteristics of a particular amino acid.

28
Q

Polypeptide

A

A polymer of many amino acids linked together by peptide bonds

Each specific polypeptide has a unique linear sequence of amino acids.

One side has a free amino group and the opposite side has a free carboxyl group

29
Q

Peptide bond

A

The covalent bond between the carboxyl group on one amino acid and the amino group on another, formed by a dehydration reaction.

30
Q

Polypeptide backbone

A

The repeating sequence of atoms in a polypeptide, everything buy the side chains.

Extending off of the backbone are the different side chains of the amino acids

31
Q

Primary structure of proteins

A

The sequence of amino acids

32
Q

Secondary Structure of Proteins

A

Regions stabilized by hydrogen bonds between atoms of the polypeptide backbone

Alpha helix - a delicate coil held together by hydrogen bonding between every fourth amino acid

Beta Pleated Sheet - Two or more segments of the polypeptide chain lying side by side, connected by hydrogen bonds.

33
Q

Tertiary Structure of Proteins

A

Three dimensional shape stabilized by interactions between side chains

Overall shape of a polypeptide resulting from interaction between the side chains of the various amino acids.

Hydrophobic interactions - amino acids with non-polar hydrophobic side chains usually end up in clusters at the core of the protein

Disulfide bridges - covalent bonds between two sulfhydryl groups that reinforce the structure of the protein

34
Q

Quaternary structure

A

Association of two or more polypeptides

Overall protein structure that results from the aggregation of these polypeptide subunits

35
Q

Denaturation

A

A process in which proteins lose their native shape due to the disruption of weak chemical bonds and interactions, thereby becoming biologically inactive

36
Q

Polynucleotide

A

A polymer consisting of many nucleotide monomers in a chain. The nucleotides can be those of DNA or RNA

37
Q

Nucleotide

A

The building block of a nucleic acid, consisting of a five-carbon sugar covalently bonded to a nitrogenous base and one to three phosphate groups

38
Q

Pyramidine

A

Six membered Ring

Cytosine, Uracil, Thymine

39
Q

Purine

A

Six membered ring fused to a five membered ring

Adenine and Guanine

40
Q

Deoxyribose

A

The sugar component of DNA nucleotides, having one fewer hydroxyl group than ribose

41
Q

Ribose

A

The sugar component of RNA nucleotides

42
Q

Nucleotide polymers

A

The linkage of nucleotides into a polynucleotide involves a condensation reaction

Adjacent nucleotides are joined by phosphodiester linkages

The linear order of bases in a gene specifies the amino acid sequence of a protein.

43
Q

Phosphodiester Linkage

A

Consists of a phosphate group that covalently links the sugars of two nucleotides

44
Q

DNA structure

A

Two polynucleotide strands that wind around an imaginary axis, forming a double helix

45
Q

Double helix

A

The form of native DNA, referring to its two adjacent anti parallel polynucleotide strands wound around an imaginary acid into a spiral shape

The two strands are held together by hydrogen bonds

46
Q

RNA structure

A

RNA molecules always exist as a single strand. Complementing base pairing can occur between regions of two RNA molecules.

RNA molecules are more versatile and variable in shape than DNA

Biology Final Studying (26 decks)

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