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Biology Final Studying > Chapter 34: The Origins And Evolution Of Vertebrates > Flashcards

Chapter 34: The Origins And Evolution Of Vertebrates Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Chordate

A

Animal that at some point during their development have a notochord, pharyngeal slit or cleft, and a muscular post anal tail.

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2
Q

Notochord

A

A longitudinal, flexible rod made of tightly packed mesodermal cells that runs along the anterior-posterior axis of a chordate in the dorsal part of the body

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3
Q

Pharyngeal clefts

A

In chordate embryos, one of the grooves that seperate a series of arches along the outer surface of the pharynx and may develop into a pharyngeal slit

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4
Q

Pharyngeal slit

A

In chordate embryos, one of the slits that forms from the pharyngeal clefts and opens into the pharynx, later developing into gill slits in many vertebrates

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5
Q

Lancelets

A

A small blade-shaped marine chordate that lacks a backbone

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6
Q

Tunicates

A

A sessile marine chordate that lacks a backbone

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7
Q

Neural Crest

A

In vertebrates, a region located along the sides of the neural tube where it pinches off from the ectoderm. Neural crest cells migrate to various parts of the embryo and form pigment cells in the skin and parts of the skull, teeth, adrenal glands, and peripheral nervous system

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8
Q

hagfishes

A

Marine jawless vertebrate that have highly reduced vertebrae and a skull made of cartilage; most are bottom-dwelling scavengers

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9
Q

Lamprey

A

Any of the jawless vertebrates with highly reduced vertebrae that live in freshwater and marine environments. Almost half of extant lamprey species are parasites.

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10
Q

Cyclostomes

A

Lack jaws; includes lampreys and hagfishes

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11
Q

Conodont

A

An early, soft bodied vertebrate with prominent eyes and dental elements

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12
Q

Gnathostome

A

Have jaws and include sharks, rays, amphibians, reptiles, and mammals

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13
Q

Lateral Line system

A

A mechanoreceptor system consisting of a series of pores and receptor units along the sides of the body in fishes and aquatic amphibians; detects water movements made by the animal itself and by other moving objects

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14
Q

Placoderm

A

A member of an extinct group of fishlike vertebrates that had jaws and were enclosed in a tough outer armor

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15
Q

Acanthodians

A

Any of a group of ancient jawed aquatic vertebrates from the Silurian and Devonian periods

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16
Q

Chondrichthyes

A

Referring to a type of development in which young hatch from eggs that are retained in the mother’s uterus

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17
Q

Viviparous

A

Referring to a type of development in which the young are born alive after having been nourished in the uterus by blood from the placenta

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18
Q

Cloaca

A

A common opening for the digestive, urinary, and reproductive tracts found in many non mammalian vertebrates but in few mammals

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19
Q

Osteichthyan

A

A member of a vertebrate clade with jaws and mostly bony skeletons

20
Q

Operculum

A

In aquatic osteichthyans, a protective bony flap that covers and protects the gills

21
Q

Swim Bladder

A

In aquatic osteichthyans, an air sac that enables the animal to control its buoyancy in the water

22
Q

Ray-finned fishes

A

Aquatic osteichthyans with fins supposed by long, flexible rays, including tuna, bass, and herring

23
Q

Lobe-fins

A

Osteichthyans having rod-shaped muscular fins. The group includes lungfishes and tetrapods

24
Q

tetrapods

A

A vertebrate clade whose members have limbs with digits. Includes mammals, amphibians, and birds and other reptiles

25
Q

Amphibian

A

A member of the clade of tetrapods that includes salamanders, frogs, and caecilians

26
Q

Amniote

A

A member of a clade of tetrapods named for a key derived character, the amniotic egg, which contains specialized membranes, including the fluid-filled amnion that protects the embryo. Amniotes include mammals as well as birds and other reptiles

27
Q

Amniotic Egg

A

An egg that contains specialized membranes that function in protection, nourishment, and gas exchange. The amniotic egg was a major evolutionary innovation, allowing embryos to develop on land in a fluid-filled sac, this reducing the dependence of tetrapods on water for reproduction.

28
Q

Reptiles

A

A member of the clade of amniotes that includes tuataras, lizards and snakes, turtles, crocodilians, and birds

29
Q

Ectothermic

A

Referring to organisms for which external sources provide most of the heat for temperature regulation

30
Q

Endothermic

A

Referring to organisms that are warmed by heat generated by their own metabolism. This heat usually maintains a relatively stable body temperature. Higher than that of the external environment

31
Q

Diapsid

A

A member of an amniote clade distinguished by a pair of holes on each side of the skull

32
Q

Lepidosaur

A

A member of the reptilian group that includes lizards, snakes, and two species of New Zealand animals called tuataras

33
Q

Archosaurs

A

A member of the reptilian group that includes crocodiles, alligators, and dinosaurs, including birds

34
Q

Pterosaur

A

Winged reptile that lived during the Mesozoic Era

35
Q

Dinosaurs

A

A member of an extremely diverse clade of reptiles varying in body shape, size and habitat.

Birds are the only extant dinosaurs

36
Q

Theropod

A

A member of a group of dinosaurs that were bipedal carnivores

37
Q

Ratite

A

A member of the group of flightless birds

38
Q

Mammals

A

Amniotes that have hair and mammary glands

39
Q

Synapsids

A

A member of an amniote clade distinguished by a single hole on each side of the skull

40
Q

Monotreme

A

An egg-laying mammal, such as platypus to echidna. Monotremes have hair and produce milk, but they lack nipples

41
Q

Marsupial

A

A mammal, such as a koala, whose young complete their embryonic development inside a maternal pouch called the marsupium

42
Q

Placenta

A

A structure in the uterus of a pregnant eutherian mammal that nourishes the fetus with the mother’s blood supply; formed from the uterine lining and embryonic membranes.

43
Q

Eutherian

A

Placental mammals whose young complete their embryonic development within the uterus, joined to the mother by the placenta

44
Q

Opposable Thumb

A

A thumb that can touch the ventral surface of the fingertip of all four fingers of the same hand with its own ventral surface

45
Q

Anthropoids

A

A member of a primate group made up of the monkeys and apes

46
Q

Paleoanthropology

A

The study of human origins and evolution

47
Q

Hominin

A

A group consisting of humans and the extinct species that are more closely related to us than to chimpanzees

Biology Final Studying (26 decks)

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