Chapter 31: Fungi

Question 1

Yeasts

Answer 1

Single-celled fungus. Yeasts reproduce asexually by binary fission or by pinching of mall buds off of a parent cell. Many fungal species can grow both as yeasts and as a network of filaments; relatively few species grow as only yeast.

Question 2

Hypha

Answer 2

One of many connected filaments that collectively make up the mycelium of fungus

Question 3

Chitin

Answer 3

A structural polysaccharide, consisting of amino sugar monomers, found in many fungal cell walls and in the exoskeletons of all Arthropods

Question 4

Septum

Answer 4

One of the cross-walls that divide a fungal hypha into cells. Septa generally have pores large enough to allow ribosomes, mitochondria, and even nuclei to flow from cell to cell

Question 5

Coenocytic Fungus

Answer 5

A fungus that lacks septa and hence whose body is made up of a continuous cytoplasmic mass that may contain hundred or thousands of nuclei

Question 6

Arbuscules

Answer 6

Specialized branching hyphae that are found in some mutualistic fungi and exchange nutrients with living plant cells

Question 7

Mycorrhiza

Answer 7

A mutualistic associated of plant roots and fungus

Question 8

Ectomycorrhizal fungus

Answer 8

A symbiotic fungus that forms sheets of hyphae over the surface of plant roots and also grows into extracellular spaces of the root Cortex

Question 9

Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungus

Answer 9

A symbiotic fungus who’s hyphae grow through the cell wall of plant roots and extend into the root cell

Question 10

Pheromone

Answer 10

In animals and fungi, a small molecule released into the environment that functions in communication between members of the same species. In animals, it acts much like a hormone in influencing physiology and behavior

Question 11

Plasmogamy

Answer 11

In fungi, the fusion of the cytoplasm of cells from two individuals; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, followed later by karyogamy

Question 12

Heterokaryon

Answer 12

A fungal mycelium that contains two or more haploid nuclei per cell

Question 13

Dikaryotic

Answer 13

Referring to a fungal mycelium with two haploid nuclei per cell, one from each parent

Question 14

Karyogamy

Answer 14

In fungi, the fusion of haploid nuclei contributed by the two parents; occurs as one stage of sexual reproduction, preceded by plasmogamy

Question 15

Molds

Answer 15

Informal term for a fungus that grows as a filament out fungus, producing haploid spores by mitosis and forming a visible mycelium

Question 16

Deuteromycete

Answer 16

Traditional classification for a fungus with no known sexual stage

Question 17

Opisthokonts

Answer 17

A member of a clade of eukaryotes that includes fungi, animals, and several closely related group of protists

Question 18

Nucleariids

Answer 18

A member of a group of unicellular amoeboid protists that are more closely related to fungi than they are to other protists

Question 19

Cryptomycetes

Answer 19

Unicellular fungi that have flagellated spores

Basal fungal lineage

Question 20

Microsporidian

Answer 20

Unicellular parasites of protists and animals

Basal fungal lineage

Question 21

Chytrid

Answer 21

Mostly aquatic fungi with flagellated zoospores that represent an early-diverging fungal lineage

Question 22

Zoospores

Answer 22

Flagellated spore found in chytrid fungi and some protists

Question 23

Zoopagomycete

Answer 23

Multicellular parasites or commensalism symbionts of animals

Sexual reproduction, where know, involved a formation of a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium

Question 24

Mucoromycetes

Answer 24

Characterized by the formation of a sturdy structure called a zygosporangium during sexual reproduction

Question 25

Zygosporangium

Answer 25

A sturdy multiculeate structure in which karyogamy and meiosis occur

Question 26

Ascomycetes

Answer 26

Commonly called sac fungus. The name comes from the saclike structures in which their spores develop

Question 27

Asci

Answer 27

A saclike spore capsule located at the tip of a dikaryotic hypha of a sac fungus

Question 28

Ascocarp

Answer 28

The fruiting body of a sac fungus

Question 29

Conidia

Answer 29

A haploid spore produced at the tip of a specialized hypha in ascomycetes during asexual reproduction

Question 30

Basidiomycete

Answer 30

Commonly called club fungus

The name comes from the club like shape of the basidium

Question 31

Basidium

Answer 31

A reproductive appendage that produces sexual spores on the gills of mushrooms

Question 32

Basidiocarp

Answer 32

Elaborate fruiting body of a dikaryotic mycelium of a club fungus

Question 33

Endophyte

Answer 33

A harmless fungus, or occasionally another organism, that lives between cells of a plant part of a multicellular alga.

Question 34

Lichen

Answer 34

The mutualistic association between a fungus and a photosynthetic alga or cyanobacterium

Question 35

Soredium

Answer 35

In lichens, a small cluster of fungal hyphae with embedded algae

Question 36

Mycosis

Answer 36

General terms for fungal infection