Chapter 5: Gender Flashcards
What is GENDER SOCIALIZATION?
the process through which cultures communicate gender expectations to children and adolescents
What is the GENDER PARITY INDEX (GPI)?
assessment of the extent to which educational attainment is equal for boys and girls; a GPI value of 1.00 indicates parity bw boys and girls
What is COMMUNAL MANHOOD?
in the 17th and 18th centuries, the focus of gender expectations for adolescent boys on preparing to assume adult men’s responsibilities in work and marriage
What is SELF-MADE MANHOOD?
in the 19th century, adolescents and emerging adult males were increasingly expected to become independent from their families as a part of becoming a man
What is PASSIONATE MANHOOD?
in the 20th century, self-expression and self-enjoyment replaces self-control and self-denial as the paramount virtues adolescent boys should learn in the course of becoming a man
What is the GENDER INTENSIFICATION HYPOTHESIS?
psychological and behavioural difference bw boys and girls becomes more pronounced at adolescence bc of intensified social pressures to conform to culturally prescribed gender roles
What is DIFFERENTIAL GENDER SOCIALIZATION?
the term for socializing boys and girls according to different expectations about what attitudes and behaviour are appropriate to each gender
What is SEXISM?
prejudice and discrimination against an individual based on his or her sex; can be reflected in hiring decisions, unqual compensation, sexual harassment, jokes, prevention of participation
What are GENDER SCHEMAS?
mental structures for organizing and interpreting information pertaining to gender; socialization interacts with cognitive development
What is GENDER SCHEMA THEORY?
gender is viewed as one of the fundamental ways that people organize information about the world
What is GENDER IDENTITY?
a person’s own understanding of their gender, emerging around age 3
What is SELF-SOCIALIZATION?
the way that children seek to maintain consistency bw the norms they have learned about gender and their own behaviour; boys doing “boy things” and avoiding “girl things”
What is SOCIAL IDENTITY THEORY?
hypothesizes that identifying with a social group leads to biases in favor of one’s own group
What is a STEREOTYPE?
a belief that others possess certain characteristics simply as a result of being a member of a particular group
What is SOCIAL ROLES THEORY?
social roles for men and women enhance or suppress different capabilities, so boys and girls tend to develop different skills and attitudes, which leads to gender specific behaviour
EX: caring for children is part of the gender role for women in most cultures > girls are given dolls as children, offered babysitting jobs etc, and then are more likely to pursue child-care occupations as adults
What is the GENDER EMPOWERMENT MEASURE?
an assessment of the extent to which women are equal to men in earned income as well as representation in national legislature and executive business positions within a nation, and the extend of psychological differences bw men and women
What is INTERSECTIONALITY?
describes how individuals have more than one social identity and that these various identities overlap
In Latino culture, what is MARIANISM?
the belief, common in Catholic cultures, that Latina women should emulate the Virgin Mary by being submissive and self-denying
In Latino culture, what is MACHISMO?
the ideology of manhood which emphasizes men’s dominance over women
