Chapter 5 Final Flashcards
According to the law of effect, Thorndike’s cats learned to escape the puzzle box because they:
- learned the correct sequence of responses that led to a desirable outcome.
- instinctively knew how to escape.
- acquired an understanding of what they needed to do in order to escape.
- learned the correct sequence of responses by watching other cats escape from similar boxes.
Learned the correct sequence of responses that led to a desirable outcome.
What is the main difference between classical and operant conditioning?
- Operant conditioning shows extinction but classical conditioning does not.
- Classical conditioning shows extinction but operant conditioning does not.
- In operant conditioning, the outcome depends on the response, while, in classical conditioning, the outcome occurs, regardless of the response.
- In classical conditioning, the outcome depends on the response, while, in operant conditioning, the outcome occurs, regardless of the response.
In operant conditioning, the outcome depends on the response, while, in classical conditioning, the outcome occurs, regardless of the response.
If a little boy can hear his mother moving around in the kitchen downstairs in the morning, he can be fairly certain that it is time to get up and have his breakfast. The discriminative stimulus in this example is the:
- breakfast.
- sounds of his mother moving around.
- little boy.
- kitchen.
Sounds of his mother moving around.
Darren is trying to get his young son to eat his peas. At first, Darren praises him whenever he moves his fork near the peas; after the child does this reliably, Darren praises him only if he actually puts a pea on his fork; then Darren’s praise is only given when the child puts a pea on his fork and moves the fork toward his mouth. Darren carries on this way until the child eats his peas. Darren is using _____ to get his son to eat his peas.
- the matching law
- a token economy
- shaping
- chaining
Shaping
Which is an example of a primary reinforcer?
- money
- praises
- grades
- food
Food
Six-year-old Timmy was misbehaving in class one morning. Which punishment is likely to be the MOST effective in preventing Timmy from misbehaving again?
- making Timmy stay after school
- making Timmy sit in the corner
- taking Timmy aside at lunchtime and asking him to stop misbehaving
- giving Timmy a warning, and making the punishment more severe if he misbehaves again
Making Timmy sit in the corner
Swatting a dog with a newspaper would be _____ of the behavior of chewing up one’s favorite socks.
- positive reinforcement
- positive punishment
- negative reinforcement
- negative punishment
Positive punishment
If it rains, opening the umbrella keeps one from getting wet. Escaping from getting wet would be _____ of the behavior of opening the umbrella.
- positive reinforcement
- positive punishment
- negative reinforcement
- negative punishment
Negative reinforcement
In which example would one MOST likely see a steady rate of responding without any noticeable pauses?
- A charitable organization receives a donation for every 10 phone calls it makes on average.
- A teenager receives an allowance every Saturday.
- A college student gets a call from home every Friday morning.
- A blueberry picker receives $1 each time he fills three boxes.
A charitable organization receives a donation for every 10 phone calls it makes on average.
If one buys lottery tickets, one may win on average every 15 times one plays. This is an example of a _____ schedule of reinforcement.
- fixed-ratio
- fixed-interval
- variable-ratio
- variable-interval
Variable-ratio
According to the Premack principle, if a teenager would rather go shopping than clean her room:
- her desire to clean her room will be increased by restricting her access to going shopping.
- her desire to go shopping will be increased by restricting her access to cleaning her room.
- allowing her to go shopping could be used as a reward for cleaning her room.
- cleaning her room could be used as a reward for going shopping.
Allowing her to go shopping could be used as a reward for cleaning her room.
The dorsal striatum seems to be especially important for learning:
- whether an outcome is pleasant or unpleasant.
- the identity of an expected outcome.
- R–O associations.
- S–R associations.
S–R associations.
Which statement is TRUE?
- Only primary reinforcers trigger dopamine release in the ventral tegmental area/substantia nigra pars compacta.
- Animals will continue to work for electrical brain stimulation if dopamine transmission is blocked.
- Dopamine seems to be involved in liking, rather than wanting, a reinforcer.
- A trained animal will reduce its response rate if dopamine transmission is blocked.
A trained animal will reduce its response rate if dopamine transmission is blocked.
The major difference between an individual who uses cocaine weekly and tried to stop and can’t and an individual that skydives weekly and can’t stop is that:
- they both have a bad habit and can’t stop it.
- the first individual is experiencing a pathological addiction, while the second individual is experiencing a behavioral addiction.
- both individuals are seeking a “high,” but the skydiver isn’t worried about becoming addicted.
- There is no difference—both individuals are suffering from a type of dysfunction.
The first individual is experiencing a pathological addiction, while the second individual is experiencing a behavioral addiction.
Malcolm’s 2-year-old daughter throws a tantrum when she doesn’t get what she wants. Malcolm has decided to ignore his daughter whenever she has a tantrum. This is an example of:
- extinction.
- distancing.
- reinforcement of alternative behaviors.
- delayed reinforcement.
Extinction.
