Chapter 1 Final Flashcards
If “black” is said, it might make one think of the word “white.” The connection in one’s memory between these concepts is known as
- associationism.
- dualism.
- empiricism.
- nativism.
Associationism.
Which theorist was considered an empiricist?
- Plato
- Charles Darwin
- Francis Galton
- Aristotle
Aristotle
If one believes that all babies are born with the potential to become great musicians, one would agree with the ideas of
- Plato.
- Gottfried Leibniz.
- John Locke.
- Francis Galton.
John Locke.
Charles Darwin proposed three criteria for traits to evolve through natural selection. Which statement is an example of the criterion of relevance to survival?
- Giraffe necks can range from short to long across members of the species.
- Finch beaks range in shape from thin to thick.
- Fawns with camouflaging spots will be protected from predators.
- Neck length is a trait passed from giraffe parent to offspring.
Fawns with camouflaging spots will be protected from predators.
In experimental psychology, the group that receives the treatment is referred to as the:
- control group.
- independent variable.
- correlational group.
- dependent variable.
Independent variable.
In Ebbinghaus’s studies of memory, what was the dependent variable?
- length of delay between learning and relearning
- length of time it took to relearn a list
- length of the list being learned
- amount of practice done before being tested
Length of time it took to relearn a list
One problem with Ebbinghaus’s studies was that:
- he did not manipulate any variables.
- he used a double-blind design.
- he used a blind design.
- there was a possibility of subject bias.
There was a possibility of subject bias.
If experimenters play a very loud buzzer, a rat will be startled. If they repeatedly flash a light before the buzzer is played, the rat will eventually be startled by the light alone. This is an example of:
- generalization.
- classical conditioning.
- the law of effect.
- instrumental conditioning.
Classical conditioning.
Which statement predicts the law of effect?
- If a tone is played while the dog is given food, the dog will eventually salivate in response to the tone.
- If a child is bitten by a large black dog, the child will start to fear all dogs, not just large black dogs.
- If a teenager is grounded for staying out past his curfew, he will come home on time in the future.
- If one can remember a list of words for a few hours after studying it, one will be less likely to forget the list later on.
If a teenager is grounded for staying out past his curfew, he will come home on time in the future.
Behaviorism places the GREATEST emphasis on:
- interpersonal relationships.
- unconscious emotions.
- observable behavior.
- mental processes.
Observable behavior.
In the movie Trading Places, a millionaire bets his brother that he can turn a beggar and thief into an upstanding citizen and turn a wealthy, moral man into a common criminal, just by altering the circumstances and environment of the two men. This view reflects the ideas of:
- John Watson.
- Charles Darwin.
- Plato.
- René Descartes.
John Watson.
Emily believes that babies learn language simply by being rewarded for making the correct language-like sound in response to something they hear. Her idea about learning language is MOST similar to the ideas of:
- B. F. Skinner.
- Edward Tolman.
- Herbert Simon.
- George Miller.
B. F. Skinner.
Edward Tolman’s research on the formation of cognitive maps in rats was important because it:
- demonstrated that learning is based on stimulus–response association.
- emphasized the importance of studying the role of internal representations in learning.
- enabled him to devise a comprehensive mathematical model of animal learning.
- demonstrated the importance of insight in learning.
Emphasized the importance of studying the role of internal representations in learning.
George Miller demonstrated that short-term memory capacity for digits was:
- between 10 and 20 digits.
- virtually unlimited.
- about 3 digits.
- between 5 and 9 digits.
Between 5 and 9 digits.
Who proposed the idea that learning relies on network connections between simple processing units?
- Herbert Simon
- W. K. Estes
- Edward Tolman
- David Rumelhart
David Rumelhart
