!Chapter 5 Definitions

Question 1

Resources (e.g., capital, materials, or labour) that are given by one country (or organization) to another to assist in times of crisis or to support development; typically involves the flow of resources from more developed regions to less developed ones; sometimes referred to as foreign aid, international aid, development aid, or humanitarian aid.

Answer 1

Aid

Question 2

a culture with agriculture and cities, food and labour surpluses, labour specialization, social stratification and state organization

Answer 2

Civilizations

Question 3

The forceful appropriation of foreign territory; usually established and maintained through military and political structures, also creates unequal cultural and economic relations; usually involves the displacement of Indigenous populations; a term usually reserved for the European variant of the process (1500–1945) but could apply to other cultures.

Answer 3

Colonialism

Question 4

in political contexts, a relationship in which one state (or people) is dependent on, and therefore dominated by, another state (or people)

Answer 4

Dependence

Question 5

A theory that connects disparities in levels of development to the relationship between dependent and dominant states.

Answer 5

Dependence theory

Question 6

a process that brings about changes in economic prosperity and quality of life; an improvement in the material conditions of life; measured traditionally by economic criteria but increasingly in more holistic ways, including health, education, and so on

Answer 6

Development

Question 7

medium or long-term strategic investments (loans) or grants (cash) given by governments or other agencies to support the economic, social and political development of countries or regions; sometimes referred to as financial aid

Answer 7

Development aid

Question 8

A less developed world: a large group of countries (effectively the while world excluding those that are more developed) characterized by low standards of living and social well-being; often used interchangeably with the developing world; historically, referred to as the Third World

Answer 8

Developmentalist

Question 9

a view that cultures, and human behaviours, are directly shaped by physical environmental circumstances; contrasted with possibilism

Answer 9

Environmental determinism

Question 10

a form of prejudice or stereotyping that presumes that one’s own culture is normal and natural and that all others are inferior

Answer 10

Ethnocentric

Question 11

a view that places the historical experience of Europe (and its descendants) as the benchmark for all comparisons; a form of ethnocentrism

Answer 11

Eurocentric

Question 12

consists of the traditions and institutions by which authority in a country is exercised, including 1) the process by which governments are selected, monitored, and replaced, 2) the capacity of the government to effectively formulate and implement sound policies; 3) the respect of citizens and the state for the institutions that govern economic and social interactions among them

Answer 12

Governance

Question 13

a monetary measure of the market value of all goods and services produced within a country over a given period (usually one year)

Answer 13

Gross domestic product (GDP)

Question 14

a monetary measure of the market value of goods and services produced within a country, plus income from investment abroad, over a given period (usually 1 year)

Answer 14

Gross national income (GNI)

Question 15

a monetary measure of the market value of all goods and services produced within a country, plus those produced by individuals or corporations (of that country) operating elsewhere, over a given period (1 year)

Answer 15

Gross national product (GNP)

Question 16

A numerical measure of how well basic human needs are being met; a composite index incorporating health (life expectancy), education (years of schooling), and income (gross national income per capita).

Answer 16

Human Development Index (HDI)

Question 17

a short-term response to a crisis (ex. drought, war, epidemic or natural disaster) that takes the form of material (ex. food, medicine, shelter) and logistical support

Answer 17

Humanitarian aid

Question 18

an economic strategy of domestically manufacturing goods that were previously imported, through the aid of protective tariffs (taxation on imported goods); often used as a stimulus for industrialization

Answer 18

Import substitution

Question 19

A process of economic and social change that transforms a society (country) from largely agricultural to industrial, involving an extensive reorganization of the economy toward manufacturing and of society toward being urban; typically associated with an industrial revolution; often regarded as a key step in increasing a country’s level of development.

Answer 19

Industrialization

Question 20

An individual forced to flee their home in the face of persecution (religious, ethnic, political, etc.) or other threats to safety (war, natural disaster, political instability, etc.); unlike a refugee, they do not leave their home country.

Answer 20

Internally displaced persons (IDP)

Question 21

a large group of countries (effectively the while world excluding those that are more developed) characterized by low standards of living and social well-being; often used interchangeably with the developing world; historically, referred to as the Third World

Answer 21

Less developed world

Question 22

an umbrella category of dietary conditions, including undernutrition and overnutrition, in which an individual’s dietary needs are not being met, through too little food, too much food, or the wrong balance of foods (nutrients, vitamins, protein, etc.)

Answer 22

Malnutrition

Question 23

a group of countries, including Canada, the USA, most of Europe, Australia, New Zealand, and Japan, that are characterized by a high standard of living and social well-being; often used interchangeably with the developed world; historically referred to as the First World

Answer 23

More developed world

Question 24

non-government organization: A non-profit enterprise that works alongside government and international organizations to achieve development (economic, education, health care), humanitarian (human rights), and environmental goals; examples include Médecins Sans Frontières (Doctors Without Borders), Oxfam, and World Wide Fund for Nature (formerly World Wildlife Fund).

Answer 24

NGOs

Question 25

The official form of aid or assistance provided by member countries of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD); aid/assistance that is undertaken by official government agencies with the goal of promoting economic development and welfare in less developed countries.

Answer 25

Official development assistance (ODA):

Question 26

a view that human decision-making and adaptability, and not the physical environment, are the primary agents of cultural change; people and cultures pursue a course of action that they select from among a number of possibilities; contrasted with environmental determinism

Answer 26

Possibilism

Question 27

A tool that measures the relative cost of a common market basket of goods and services for comparing cost of living between countries; useful in conjunction with aggregate macroeconomic measures of economic activity such as gross domestic product (GDP) per capita and gross national income (GNI) per capita.

Answer 27

Purchasing power parity (PPP)

Question 28

an individual forced to flee their home country in the face of persecution (religious, ethnic, political, etc.) or other threats to safety such as war, natural disaster, or political instability

Answer 28

Refugees

Question 29

a transfer of money from private savings, earnings, etc. by a foreign worker to an individual or family in their home country

Answer 29

Remittances

Question 30

Conditional loans provided to less developed countries by international development and lending agencies based in the more developed world (e.g., the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund), whereby money is contingent upon the country adopting free-market policies, privatizations, and deficit reduction (often through reduced social spending).

Answer 30

Structural adjustment programs (SAP)

Question 31

a dietary condition in which an individual consumes a quantity of good insufficient to sustain a normal and healthy life’ sometimes referred to as undernourishment

Answer 31

Undernutrition

Question 32

A set of ideas centred around the notion that the world is an interdependent system of countries linked together by an economic and political competition that shapes relations between core (more developed), semi-peripheral (less developed), and peripheral (least developed) countries

Answer 32

World Systems Theory:

Question 33

a set of indicators assessing the quality of governance in a country, including accountability, stability, effectiveness, regulatory controls, rule of law, and control of corruption

Answer 33

Worldwide Governance Indicators (WGI)

Question 34

distinguished from more fully developed capitalism by its focus on simply moving goods from a market where they are cheap to a market where they are expensive

Answer 34

Merchant capitalism