!Chapter 3: Globalization

Question 1

the international shipping practice of storing freight (goods or commodities) within a standard-sized container and transporting it using a variety of intermodal technologies, including ship, rail, and truck; typically associated with reductions in cargo handling and shipping costs

Answer 1

Containerization

Question 2

direct investment by a government or transnational/multinational corporation in another country, often in the form of a manufacturing or processing plant

Answer 2

Foreign direct investment (FDI)

Question 3

a complex combination of economic, political, and cultural changes that have long been evident but that have accelerated markedly since about 1980, bringing about a seemingly ever-increasing interconnectedness of people and places

Answer 3

Globalization

Question 4

introduction of new inventions or ideas, especially ones that lead to change in human behaviour or production processes

Answer 4

Innovations

Question 5

the current tendency for high-wage and high-skill employment opportunities, often in the service sector, to be located in the more developed world, while low-wage and low-skill employment opportunities, often in the manufacturing and processing sectors, are located in the less developed world

Answer 5

International division of labour

Question 6

considered a guiding principle in human activities; for human geographers, refers to minimizing distances and related movements

Answer 6

Principle of least effort

Question 7

a tax or customs duty imposed on imports from other countries

Answer 7

Tariff

Question 8

a decrease in the friction of distance between locations as a result of improvements in transportation and communication technologies

Answer 8

Time-space convergence

Question 9

a large business organization (firm) that operates in two or more countries; examples include Nike, Apple, Toyota, Coca-Cola, and Samsung; sometimes referred to as multinational corporation; in many cases, the head office is in a more developed country, and its manufacturing/processing facilities are in less developed countries

Answer 9

Transnational corporations (TNC’s)

Question 10

the circumstance in which a person is indifferent to or estranged from nature or the means of production

Answer 10

Alienation

Question 11

the most recent form of capitalism, characterized by disorganization and industrial restructuring

Answer 11

Disorganized capitalism

Question 12

the second phase of capitalism, beginning after WWII; increased growth of major corporations and increased state involvement in the economy

Answer 12

Organized capitalism

Question 13

the first of three phases of capitalism, beginning in the early 18th century; characterized by free-market competition and laissez-faire economic development

Answer 13

Competitive capitalism

Question 14

a process used by firms to gather, resources, transform them into goods or commodities, and finally distribute them to consumers

Answer 14

Commodity chains

Question 15

the imposing of cultural values and practices by a politically or economically dominant foreign culture on one or more native (local) cultures; extending the authority of a foreign way of life over others by transforming or replacing aspects of local culture

Answer 15

Cultural imperialism