Chapter 10 Definitions

Question 1

Repetitive office operations, usually clerical in nature and performed using telecommunications, that can be located anywhere in or out of the city, including relatively low-rent areas

Answer 1

Back-office activities

Question 2

The social, cultural, commercial, and political centre of the city; usually characterized by high-rise office and residential towers, key municipal government buildings, and civic amenities

Answer 2

Central Business District (CBD)

Question 3

the dominant or majority cultural group in an urban area; the host
community

Answer 3

charter population

Question 4

A large group of people of similar social status and income (and often culture); commonly used forms include upper class, middle class, and working class

Answer 4

Class

Question 5

the residential clustering of specific populations (minority groups_, usually as a matter of choice or preference

Answer 5

congregation

Question 6

a continuously built-up area formed by the coalescing of several expanding cities that were originally separate

Answer 6

conurbations

Question 7

A member of a minority group whose minority status is based on factors other than skin colour, such as language, religion, lifestyle, ethnic origin, etc

Answer 7

cultural minorities

Question 8

The idea that poverty and deprivation are transmitted intergenerationally, reflecting home background and spatial variations in opportunities

Answer 8

cycle of poverty

Question 9

part of the filtering process whereby homes built for middle- or upper-income groups gradually become less expensive as they age or degrade through neglect, as the neighbourhood becomes less desirable, and as residents with greater purchasing power move toward trendier, newer homes in more desirable neighbourhoods

Answer 9

downward filtering

Question 10

center of office and retail activities located on the edge of a large urban centre

Answer 10

Edge Cities

Question 11

a process whereby housing units transition from being occupied by members of one income group to members of a different income group over time

Answer 11

Filtering

Question 12

Skilled occupations requiring an educated, well-paid workforce; because image and face-to-face contact with others is important, these activities favour prestige locations in major office buildings in city centres

Answer 12

Front-office activities

Question 13

A planned settlement designed to combine the advantages of urban and rural living; an urban centre emphasizing spaciousness and quality of life

Answer 13

Garden city

Question 14

A high-status residential subdivision or community with access limited to residents and other authorized people such as domestic workers, tradespeople, and visitors; often surrounded by a perimeter wall, fence, or buffer zone such as a golf course

Answer 14

Gated communities

Question 15

a process of neighbourhood social change resulting from the in-movement of higher income groups

Answer 15

Gentrification

Question 16

A planned area of open, partially rural land surrounding an urban area; an area where urban development is restricted.

Answer 16

Green Belt

Question 17

the circumstance of being without a permanent dwelling, such as a house or apartment

Answer 17

Homelessness

Question 18

a part of a national economy involved in productive paid labour but without any formal recognition, governmental control, or remuneration

Answer 18

informal sector

Question 19

a concentration of temporary dwellings, neither owned nor rented, at the city’s periphery; related to rural-to-urban migration, especially in less developed countries; sometimes referred to as squatter settlement or shanty town

Answer 19

informal settlements

Question 20

the residential clustered of specific populations (minority groups), usually as a result of discrimination; a form of segregation

Answer 20

involuntary segregation

Question 21

population subgroup that is seen, or that views itself, as somehow different from the general (charter) population; this difference is normally expressed by ethnicity, language, religion, nationality, sexual orientation, lifestyle, or even income (as in the case of people experiencing homelessness or the extremely wealthy)

Answer 21

minority populations (groups)

Question 22

the ability to move from one location to another

Answer 22

mobility

Question 23

A part of a city that displays some internal homogeneity regarding type of housing; may be characterized by a relatively uniform income level and/or ethnic identity and usually reflects certain shared social values.

Answer 23

neighbourhoods

Question 24

Activities that offer a wide range of services to multinational and other companies that need to respond quickly to changing circumstances, including banking, insurance, marketing, accountancy, advertising, legal matters, consultancy, and innovation services; in recent years, the fastest-growing sector of national economies in most of the more developed countries

Answer 24

producer services

Question 25

A spatially discriminatory practice, favoured by financial institutions, that identified parts of the city regarded as high risk in terms of loans for property purchase and home improvement; affected areas were typically outlined in red on maps

Answer 25

redlining

Question 26

the individual or family decision to relocate their place of residence, usually within the context of an urban area

Answer 26

residential mobility

Question 27

the spatial separation of population subgroups within the wider urban population

Answer 27

segregation

Question 28

A heavily populated informal settlement, usually located within the urban core and characterized by poverty, substandard housing, crime, and a lack of sanitation, water, electricity, or other basic services; common in less developed world cities today and in more developed world cities in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.

Answer 28

slum

Question 29

A process through which land on the periphery of an urban area (the rural–urban fringe) becomes urbanized over time, as people and businesses move there; the process of suburban development.

Answer 29

suburbanization

Question 30

Part of the filtering process whereby relatively inexpensive homes, often occupied by renters, become valued by middle- or upper-income groups as an investment; in aggregate, the process is usually referred to as gentrification

Answer 30

Upward filtering

Question 31

the arrangement of land uses in cities; related to urban morphology

Answer 31

urban structure

Question 32

The political and technical process concerned with the development, design, and use of land within the built environment; typically involves the organization of different land uses, the planning of current and future transportation and social services, and improving the built, economic, social, and natural environments of communities; sometimes referred to as city planning, town planning, or regional planning

Answer 32

urban planning

Question 33

A member of a minority group whose minority status is based wholly on the colour of their skin; the Canadian government recognizes anyone that is neither white nor Indigenous as a visible minority.

Answer 33

visible minorities

Question 34

legal restrictions on land use that determine what types of urban activity (residential, commercial, industrial and so on) and building form are allowed to take place on particular parcels of land

Answer 34

zoning