!Chapter 2

Question 1

the process by which humans adjust individual and collective behaviour in the face of a particular set of circumstances; sometimes used in relation to environmental change, but it applies equally to cultural change.

Answer 1

Adaptation

Question 2

A recently coined term used to characterize the current period of earth history, viewed as the period during which human activity has been the dominant influence on the physical environment, including climate; preceded by the Holocene.

Answer 2

Anthropocene

Question 3

A world view that regards humans as the most important part of any ecosystem; the opposing view to the ecocentric perspective

Answer 3

Anthropocentric

Question 4

any form of environmental protection, including preservation

Answer 4

Conservation

Question 5

the process by which an area of land becomes a desert; typically involves the impoverishment of an ecosystem because of climate change, human impact, or both

Answer 5

Desertification

Question 6

A world view that emphasizes the equal value of all parts of an ecosystem rather than, for example, placing humans at the centre, as in an anthropocentric perspective

Answer 6

Ecocentric

Question 7

the study of organisms in their homes

Answer 7

Ecology

Question 8

an ecological system; comprises a set of interacting and interdependent organisms and their physical, chemical and biological environment; exists at a variety of spatial scales from the very local to the global

Answer 8

Ecosystem

Question 9

The study of the complex and reciprocal relationships between people (societies) and their natural, built, and socio-economic environments.

Answer 9

Environment and society

Question 10

The post-glacial period of earth history that began approximately 12,000 years ago and was preceded by the Pleistocene.

Answer 10

Holocene

Question 11

The release of substances that degrade air, land, or water into the environment.

Answer 11

Pollution

Question 12

Resources that regenerate naturally to provide a new supply within a human lifespan.

Answer 12

Renewable resources

Question 13

Minerals and land that take a long time to form and hence, from a human perspective, are fixed in supply.

Answer 13

Stock resources

Question 14

a set of interrelated components or objects linked together to form a unified whole

Answer 14

System

Question 15

those of the view that population increases and continuing environmental deterioration are leading to a nightmarish future of environmental catastrophe, including flooding, mass extinctions, food shortages, disease and conflict

Answer 15

Catastrophists

Question 16

those who argue that advances in science and technology, along with cultural adaptation, will continue to create resources sufficient to support the growing world population and mitigate environmental change

Answer 16

Cornucopians

Question 17

An approach that reflects the interdependence of the economy, the environment, and social well-being and the need to maintain all three components across generations

Answer 17

Sustainability

Question 18

Economic development that sustains the natural environment for future generations

Answer 18

Sustainable Development

Question 19

___ can refer to the natural, built, urban, or socio-cultural _____.

Answer 19

environment

Question 20

(environmental philosophy) capitalist political and economic institutions actively contribute to degradation, relationships to nature need reevaluating, and science may be unable to address human behaviour changes

Answer 20

ecotheology

Question 21

(environmental philosophy) common to Indigenous beliefs that natural phenomena - both animate and inanimate - possess an indwelling spirit or consciousness - humans cannot be separated from the supernatural

Answer 21

Animism

Question 22

(environmental philosophy) morals guiding how we treat nature

Answer 22

environmental ethics

Question 23

(environmental philosophy) self realization, identifying with a larger ‘self,’ biospherical egalitarianism (everything’s equal in value)

Answer 23

deep ecology

Question 24

(environmental philosophy) viewing nature as feminine, which justifies its subordination.

Answer 24

ecofeminism

Question 25

(environmental philosophy) the fair treatment and meaningful involvement of all peoples, regardless of race, colour, national origin, etc.

Answer 25

environmental justice

Question 26

(environmental philosophy) philosophy that emphasizes interdependence and relatedness between humans and nature and saw all creates as infused with a divine presence

Answer 26

Romanticism

Question 27

(environmental philosophy) natural resources should be used thoughtfully yank humans should serve as stewards, not exploiters. Related to the scientific management of goods

Answer 27

Conservation

Question 28

(environmental philosophy) political-economic use of nature is RAMPANT! Views nature as sacred and something to be preserved. Advocates that certain habitats, species and resources should remain off-limits to human use.

Answer 28

Preservation