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Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids > Chapter 5 - Chemical Examination of Urine > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Chemical Examination of Urine Flashcards

1
Q

Identify reading time:

SG

A

45 secs

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2
Q

Identify reading time:

Blood

A

60 secs

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3
Q

Identify reading time:

Bilirubin

A

30 secs

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4
Q

Identify reading time:

pH

A

30 secs

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5
Q

Identify reading time:

Ketones

A

40 secs

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6
Q

Identify reading time:

Leukocyte esterase

A

120 secs

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7
Q

Identify reading time:

Nitrite

A

60 secs

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8
Q

Identify reading time:

Urobilinogen

A

60 secs

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9
Q

Identify reading time:

Glucose

A

30 secs

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10
Q

Identify reading time:

Protein

A

60 secs

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11
Q

Identify the parameter described by the following principle:

Diazo reaction

A

Bilirubin

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12
Q

Identify the parameter described by the following principle:

Error of indicators

A

Protein

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13
Q

Identify the parameter described by the following principle:

Greiss rxn

A

Nitrite

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14
Q

Identify the parameter described by the following principle:

Sodium nitroprusside rxn

A

Ketones

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15
Q

Identify the parameter described by the following principle:

Double sequential enzyme rxn

A

Glucose

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16
Q

Identify the parameter described by the following principle:

Double indicator system

A

pH

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17
Q

pKa change of electrolyte

A

SG

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18
Q

Identify the parameter described by the following principle:

Pseudoperoxidase activity

A

Blood

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19
Q

Identify the parameter described by the following principle:

Ehrlich rxn

A

Urobilinogen

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20
Q

Identify the parameter described by the following principle:

Leukocyte esterase rxn

A

Leukocytes

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21
Q

Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:

Protein

A

Blue

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22
Q

Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:

Nitrite

A

Uniform pink

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23
Q

Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:

Leukocytes

A

Purple

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24
Q

Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:

Bilirubin

A

Tan or pink to violet

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25
Q

Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:

pH

A

Orange (pH 5.0) to blue (pH 9.0)

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26
Q

Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:

Urobilinogen

A

Red

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27
Q

Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:

Blood

A

Uniform green / blue (hgb / Mgb)

Speckled / spotted green (intact RBCs)

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28
Q

Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:

Glucose

A

Green to brown (if potassium iodide chromogen is used)

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29
Q

Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:

SG

A

Blue (1.000) to yellow (1.030)

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30
Q

Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:

Ketones

A

Purple

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31
Q

How long should you dip the rgt strip in the urine?

A

1 sec

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32
Q

How should you blot the strip on a disposable absorbent pad?

A

Sideways / blot the edge of strip

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33
Q

In what temp should rgt strips be stored?

A

Room temp (below 30 deg C; do not freeze)

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34
Q

Principle of automated rgt strip readers

A

Reflectance photometry

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35
Q

Regarding automated rgt strip readers, the darker the color of the rgt pad, the _____ (higher / lesser) the light reflection.

A

Lesser

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36
Q

Specific gravity is influenced by _____ and _____ in a solution.

A

Number and size of particles

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37
Q

Normal SG (random)

A

1.003-1.035

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38
Q

What does a urine SG of less than 1.003 indicate?

A

The spn is not a urine (except in DI)

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39
Q

When SG is greater than 1.040, what does it indicate?

A

Presence of radiographic dye

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40
Q

SG of px with isosthenuria

A

SG = 1.010

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41
Q

SG for px with hyposthenuria

A

SG < 1.010

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42
Q

SG for px with hypersthenuria

A

SG > 1.010

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43
Q

SG of glomerular filtrate

A

1.010

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44
Q

Major disadvantage of urinometer

A

It requires large amount of spn

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45
Q

Other name for urinometer

A

Hydrometer

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46
Q

Regarding urinometry, the scale reading is taken at the _____ (top / bottom) of the urine meniscus

A

Bottom

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47
Q

Calibration temp for urinometer

A

20 deg C

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48
Q

The SG reading is 1.020. Urine temp is 29 deg C with 2 g/dL of glucose and 3 g/dL of protein. What is the SG to be reported after getting these results from the rgt pad?

A

1.020 (rgt pad)

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49
Q

The SG reading is 1.020. Urine temp is 29 deg C with 2 g/dL of glucose and 3 g/dL of protein. What is the SG to be reported after getting these results using a urinometer?

A

1.006

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50
Q

Urine volume required for urinometer

A

10-15 mL

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51
Q

Calibration used for urinometer

A

Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) soln

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52
Q

SG reading when urinometer is calibrated using potassium sulfate

A

1.015

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53
Q

How to prepare potassium sulfate soln in urinometer

A

20.29 g K2SO4 in 1 L water

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54
Q

Other name for refractometer

A

TS meter (total solids)

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55
Q

How much urine sample is used in refractometer

A

1-2 drops

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56
Q

How to clean refractometer after using it

A

Wipe the sample from prism, clean with tissue & water

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57
Q

Refractometry is an INDIRECT method based on ______.

A

Refractive index

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58
Q

Formula for refractive index

A

RI = light velocity in air / light velocity in soln

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59
Q

The refractometer is compensated to what temp?

A

15-38 deg C

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60
Q

Does urinometer need temp corrections?

A

Yes

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61
Q

Does refractometer need temp correction?

A

No

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62
Q

Does urinometer need corrections for glucose and protein presence?

A

Yes

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63
Q

Does refractometer need corrections for glucose and protein presence?

A

Yes

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64
Q

Expected SG for calibrating refractometers using 5% NaCl

A

1.022 plus/minus 0.001

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65
Q

Expected SG for calibrating refractometers using 3% NaCl

A

1.015 plus/minus 0.001

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66
Q

Expected SG for calibrating refractometers using distilled water

A

1.000

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67
Q

How much percent sucrose should you use for refractometer calibration?

A

9% sucrose

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68
Q

Expected SG for calibrating refractometers using 9% sucrose

A

1.034 plus/minus 0.001

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69
Q

SG of 1.030 was obtained using urinometer, what is the SG of the same sample when obtained using refractometer?

A

1.028 (Rf < U by 0.002)

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70
Q

Spn with very high SG readings can be diluted and retested. If urine spn diluted 1:4 has a reading of 1.014, what is the actual SG reading?

A

1.056 (14 x 4)

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71
Q

The rgt strip pad sensitivity for SG

A

1.000-1.030

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72
Q

SG rgt strip pad color for spn with low SG

A

Blue

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73
Q

SG rgt strip pad color for spn with high SG

A

Yellow

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74
Q

False pos or neg:

Regarding SG rgt strip pad; highly alkaline urine (>6.5)

A

False neg

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75
Q

False pos or neg:

Regarding SG rgt strip pad; high protein conc

A

False pos

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76
Q

True or false: the rgt strip for SG requires correction if spn contains radiographic dye

A

False

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77
Q

Is the rgt strip for SG affected by glucose and protein?

A

No

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78
Q

The fxn of the bromthymol blue in the rgt strip for SG

A

Indicator

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79
Q

The SG reading using rgt strip pad is 1.025. The urine pH is 6.7. What is the corrected SG reading?

A

1.030

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80
Q

Principle of yellow IRIS

A

Harmonic oscillation

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81
Q

The IRIS in yellow IRIS stands for?

A

International Remote Imaging System

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82
Q

Required urine volume for yellow IRIS

A

6 mL

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83
Q

Volume required for IRIS slideless microscope

A

4 mL

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84
Q

Volume required for IRIS mass gravity meter

A

2 mL

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85
Q

Method of SG determination that is based on frequency of soundwave entering a soln. changes in proportion to the density of the soln.

A

Harmonic oscillation densitometry

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86
Q

Which parameter is important in identification of urine crystals and determination of unsatisfactory spns

A

pH

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87
Q

Normal urine pH

A

4.5-8.0

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88
Q

pH of first morning urine

A

5.0-6.0

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89
Q

Urine pH of 9 indicates:

A

Unpreserved urine

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90
Q

Occurs after meals due to withdrawal of H+ ions for the purpose of secretion of HCl

A

Alkaline tide

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91
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

After meal

A

Alkaline

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92
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

Vomiting

A

Alkaline

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93
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

High protein diet

A

Acidic

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94
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

Starvation

A

Acidic

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95
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

Cranberry juice

A

Acidic

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96
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

Citrus fruits

A

Alkaline

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97
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

Renal tubular acidosis

A

Alkaline

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98
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

Vegetarian diet

A

Alkaline

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99
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

DM

A

Acidic

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100
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

Emphysema

A

Acidic

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101
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

old specimens

A

Alkaline

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102
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

Presence of E. Coli

A

Acidic

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103
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

Presence of urease-producing bacteria

A

Alkaline

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104
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

Diarrhea

A

Acidic

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105
Q

Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:

Hyperventilation

A

Alkaline

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106
Q

What makes cranberry juice effective in treating UTI?

A

Hippuric acid

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107
Q

Color in rgt strip for pH of 5.2

A

Red to yellow

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108
Q

Color in rgt strip for pH of 7.0

A

Yellow to blue

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109
Q

Reagents of rgt strip pad for pH

A

Methyl red, bromthymol blue

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110
Q

Parameter most indicative of renal dse

A

Protein

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111
Q

Proteins in urine produces _____ (color) foam in urine when shaken

A

White

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112
Q

Major serum protein found in urine

A

Albumin

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113
Q

Normal urine albumin value

A

<150 mg/day

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114
Q

Caused by conditions that affect the plasma prior to its reaching the kidney

A

Pre-renal or overflow proteinuria

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115
Q

The dse assoc with the proliferation of Ig-producing plasma cells

A

Multiple myeloma

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116
Q

The protein assoc with mutiple myeloma

A

Bence-Jones Protein

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117
Q

BJP:

A. Light chain to light chain
B. Heavy chain to heavy chain
C. Light chain to heavy chain

A

A. Light chain to light chain

118
Q

BJP in urine: precipitates at ____ deg C and dissolves at ____ deg C

A

40-60 deg C ; 100 deg C

119
Q

Multiple myeloma is an example of:

A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria

A

A. Pre renal proteinuria

120
Q

Diabetic nephropathy is an example of:

A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria

A

B. Renal proteinuria

121
Q

Presence of spermatozoa:

A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria

A

C. Post renal proteinuria

122
Q

Orthostatic / Cadet / postural proteinuria:

A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria

A

B. Renal proteinuria

123
Q

Pre-eclampsia

A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria

A

B. Renal proteinuria

124
Q

Fanconi’s syndrome

A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria

A

B. Renal proteinuria

125
Q

Principle of micral test

A

Enzyme immunoassay

126
Q

Indicator of diabetic nephropathy defined as proteinuria undetectable by routine rgt strip

A

Microalbuminuria

127
Q

Normal AER

A

0-20 ug/min

128
Q

AER in microalbuminuria

A

20-200 ug/min (or 30-300 mg/24 hrs)

129
Q

Clinical albuminuria

A

> 200 ug/min

130
Q

Test for microalbuminuria

A

Micral test

131
Q

Positive and negative rxn colors for micral test.

A

Red - positive

White - negative

132
Q

Reagents of micral test

A

Gold-labeled antibody, B-galactosidase, chlorophenol red galactoside

133
Q

Micral test sensitivity

A

0-10 mg/dL

134
Q

Diluted urine cause false pos or neg in micral test?

A

False neg

135
Q

Principle of immunodip

A

Immunochromographics

136
Q

Immunodip sensitivity

A

1.2-8.0 mg/dL

137
Q

Rgt used in immunodip

A

Antibody coated blue latex particles

138
Q

Diluted urine causes false pos or neg in immunodip

A

False neg

139
Q

What does immunodip measure?

A

Microalbuminuria

140
Q

Principle: sensitive albumin tests related to creatinine conc to correct for px hydration

A

Albumin:creatinine ratio - clinitest microalbumin strips / multistix pro

141
Q

Visibly bloody / abnormally colored urine / creatinine = cimetidine causes false pos or neg in albumin:creatinine ratio?

A

False pos

142
Q

Proteinuria when standing due to increased pressure to renal veins

A

Orthostatic / cadet / postural proteinuria

143
Q

Will there be proteinuria in the first morning of a px w/ orthostatic proteinuria?

A

No

144
Q

Will there be proteinuria in the first morning of a px w/ clinical proteinuria?

A

Yes

145
Q

Will there be proteinuria in the urine spn of a px w/ orthostatic proteinuria collected 2 hrs after standing?

A

Yes

146
Q

Will there be proteinuria in the urine spn of a px w/ clinical proteinuria collected 2 hrs after standing?

A

Yes

147
Q

Toxic agents / heavy metals causes proteinuria by affecting which part of nephrons?

A

Tubules

148
Q

True/False: Viral infections may cause renal proteinuria

A

True

149
Q

Other name of the principle of the rgt strip pad for protein

A

Sorensen’s error of indicators

150
Q

False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):

High SG

A

False pos

151
Q

False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):

Non-albumin proteins

A

False neg

152
Q

False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):

Highly buffered alkaline urine

A

False pos

153
Q

False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):

Pigmented spn

A

False pos

154
Q

False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):

Phenazopyridine

A

False pos

155
Q

False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):

Quaternary ammonium compounds (detergents)

A

False pos

156
Q

False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):

Antiseptics

A

False pos

157
Q

False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):

Microalbuminuria

A

False neg

158
Q

False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):

Chlorhexidine

A

False pos

159
Q

False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):

Loss of buffer from prolonged exposure of the rgt strip to the spn

A

False pos

160
Q

Regarding rgt strip pad for protein, the indicator is sensitive to _____ (what protein)

A

Albumin only

161
Q

True or false: protein result in rgt strip is correlated to nitrite

A

True

162
Q

A COLD PRECIPITATION TEST that reacts equally with all forms of proteins

A

Sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) precipitation test

163
Q

How much urine is needed for SSA precipitation test?

A

3 mL

164
Q

What is the rgt used and how much of that rgt is used in SSA precipitation test?

A

3% SSA, 3 mL

165
Q

Other name for 3% SSA rgt

A

Exton’s rgt

166
Q

Positive result for SSA precipitation test

A

Cloudiness

167
Q

SSA grading:

Noticeable turbidity

A

Trace

168
Q

SSA grading:

No increase in turbidity

A

Negative

169
Q

SSA grading:

Clumps of protein

A

4+

170
Q

SSA grading:

Turbidity with granulation but NO flocculation

A

2+

171
Q

SSA grading:

Distinct turbidity with no granulation

A

1+

172
Q

SSA grading:

Turbidity with granulation AND flocculation

A

3+

173
Q

Identify protein range (in mg/dL) for the ff SSA grading:

  1. Negative
  2. Trace
  3. 1+
  4. 2+
  5. 3+
  6. 4+
A
  1. <6
  2. 6-30
  3. 30-100
  4. 100-200
  5. 200-400
  6. > 400
174
Q

Most frequently tested parameter in urine

A

Glucose / dextrose

175
Q

Plasma conc of a substance at which tubular reabsorption stops

A

Plasma threshold

176
Q

Levulose aka ______

A

Fructose

177
Q

Sugar that tests negative in copper reduction test (nonreducing sugar)

A

Sucrose

178
Q

Increased / decreased / normal:

hyperglycemia-associated
_____ blood glucose
_____ urine glucose

A

Increased

Increased

179
Q

Increased / decreased / normal:

Renal-associated
_____ blood glucose
_____ urine glucose

A

Normal

Increased

180
Q

Hyperglycemia-assoc / renal-assoc:

  1. DM
  2. Cushing’s syndrome
  3. Fanconi syndrome
  4. Acromegaly
  5. Hyperthyroidism
  6. Pheochromocytoma
A
  1. Hyperglycemia-assoc
  2. Hyperglycemia-assoc
  3. Hypoglycemia-assoc
  4. Hyperglycemia-assoc
  5. Hyperglycemia-assoc
  6. Hyperglycemia-assoc
181
Q

Dse describes as defective tubular reabsorption of glucose and amino acids

A

Fanconi syndrome

182
Q

The 2 enzymes used in the rgt strip pad for glucose (double sequential enzyme rxn)

A

Glucose oxidase & peroxidase

183
Q

False pos or neg (rgt strip pad for glucose)

  1. High SG
  2. Low temp
  3. Oxidizing agents
  4. Detergents
  5. High levels of ascorbic acid
  6. Ketones
  7. Improperly preserved spn
A
  1. False neg
  2. False neg
  3. False pos
  4. False pos
  5. False neg
  6. False neg
  7. False neg
184
Q

Sensitivity of rgt strip for glucose

A

100 mg/dL

185
Q

Is the rgt strip specific to glucose?

A

Yes

186
Q

Principle of both clinitest & Benedict’s test

A

Copper reduction

187
Q

Is clinitest and Benedict’s test specific or nonspecific?

A

Both are nonspecific

188
Q

The Benedict’s test cannot detect this sugar

A

Sucrose

189
Q

Positive color for Benedict’s test

A

Brick red

190
Q

Rgt used in Benedict’s

A

Copper sulfate

191
Q

False pos or false neg (Benedict’s):

Oxidizing agents (detergents)

A

False neg

192
Q

False pos or false neg (Benedict’s):

Ascorbic acid, uric acid (reducing agents)

A

False pos

193
Q

How much urine is used in clinitest?

A

5 gtts or drops

194
Q

How much water is used in clinitest?

A

10 gtts or drops

195
Q

To prevent pass through phenomenon using the clinitest, what should you do?

A

Use 2 gtts or drops instead of 5

196
Q

Pass-through phenomenon occurs when _____ g/dL sugar is present

A

> 2 g/dL

197
Q

The tablets contain:

_____ - main reacting agent
_____ - eliminates interfering O2
_____ - for heat production

A

CuSO4
NaCO3
Na citrate

198
Q

Interpret the ff results:

  1. Glucose oxidase: 1+ positive
    Clinitest: negative
  2. Glucose oxidase: 4+ positive
    Clinitest: negative
  3. Glucose oxidase: negative
    Clinitest: negative
A
  1. Small amt of glucose
  2. Possible oxidizing agent interference on rgt strip
  3. Non-glucose reducing substance present; possible interfering substances for rgt strips (ex: ascorbic acid)
199
Q

Result from increased fat metabolism due to inability to metabolize carbs

A

Ketones

200
Q

Parent ketone

A

Acetoacetic acid / diacetic acid

201
Q

Major ketone in the body but not detected in the rgt strip

A

Beta-hydroxybutyric acid

202
Q

Percentage of each ketones:

____% beta-hydroxybutyric acid
____% acetoacetic acid / diacetic acid
____% acetone

A

78%
20%
2%

203
Q

Other name for ketone rgt strip principle (sodium nitroprusside rxn)

A

Legal’s test

204
Q

Other name for sodium nitroprusside

A

Sodium nitroferricyanide

205
Q

False pos / false neg (rgt strip for ketone):

  1. Pthalein dyes
  2. Highly pigmented red urine
  3. Levodopa
  4. Medications with sulfhydryl grps
  5. Improperly preserved specimens
A

1-4: false pos

5. False neg

206
Q

In which parameter is ketone correlated?

A

Glucose

207
Q

Ketone body/bodies that is/are detected by rgt strip for ketones

A

AAA/diacetic acid, acetone when glycine is present

208
Q

Acetest tests for what parameter?

A

Ketones

209
Q

Acetest rxn time

A

30 secs

210
Q

Rgts of acetest

A

Sodium nitroprusside, disodium phosphate, glycine, lactose

211
Q

Cloudy red urine

A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria
C. Myoglobinuria

A

A. Hematuria

212
Q

Clear red urine

A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria
C. Myoglobinuria

A

B or C

213
Q

Matching type:

  1. Glomerulonephritis
  2. Muscular dystrophy
  3. Tumors
  4. Severe burns
  5. Hemolytic anemia
  6. Crush syndrome
  7. Renal calculi
  8. Trauma
  9. Extensive exertion
  10. Transfusion rxns
  11. Rhabdomyolysis
  12. Brown recluse spider bites
  13. Strenous exercise
  14. Intravascular hemolysis

A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria
C. Myoglobinuria

A
  1. A
  2. C
  3. A
  4. B
  5. B
  6. C
  7. A
  8. A
  9. C
  10. B
  11. C
  12. C
  13. A
  14. B
214
Q

True or false: heme portion of the myoglobin is toxic to renal tubules

A

True

215
Q

Test to diff hgb and mgb

A

Blondheim’s test

216
Q

Blondheim’s test aka

A

Ammonium sulfate

217
Q

Plasma examination for urine with hgb

A

Red/pink plasma

218
Q

Plasma examination for urine with mgb

A

Pale yellow plasma

219
Q

Expected haptoglobin levels for px with hgb in urine (increased or decreased)

A

Decreased

220
Q

Expected CK and aldolase activity for px with mgb in urine (increased or decreased)

A

Increased

221
Q

Micral test reading time

A

60 secs

222
Q

Blondheim’s test: urine + 2.8 g ammonium sulfate (80% satd.) allow the mixture to sit for ____ (how long). Test ____ for blood with a rgt strip.

A

5 mins; supernatant

223
Q

Blondheim’s test: Precipitated by ammonium sulfate

A. Hgb
B. Mgb

A

A

224
Q

Blondheim’s test: positive in rgt strip after ammonium sulfate test.

A. Hgb
B. Mgb

A

B

225
Q

False pos or neg (rgt strip for blood)

  1. Strong oxidizing agents
  2. Ascorbic acid (>25 mg/dL)
  3. High conc of nitrites
  4. Unmixed spn
  5. Crenated cells
  6. Bacterial peroxidase
  7. menstrual contam
  8. High SG
  9. Formalin
  10. Captopril
A
  1. Pos
  2. Neg
  3. Neg
  4. Neg
  5. Neg
  6. Pos
  7. Pos
  8. Neg
  9. Neg
  10. Neg
226
Q

Uniform green / blue color

A. Hgb
B. Mgb
C. Hematuria

A

A or B

227
Q

Speckled / spotted

A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria
C. Myoglobinuria

A

A

228
Q

Ictotest tests which parameter?

A

Bilirubin

229
Q

Which bilirubin type/s appear/s in the urine?

A. Conjugated bilirubin
B. Unconjugated bilirubin

A

A. Conjugated bilirubin

230
Q

Bilirubin is an early indication of?

A

Liver dse

231
Q

Tea-colored urine is assoc with:

A

Bilirubin

232
Q

Color of foam in a urine with bilirubin

A

Yellow

233
Q

False pos or neg (rgt strip for bilirubin)

  1. Spn exposure to light
  2. Indican
  3. Metab of Lodine
  4. Ascorbic acid
  5. Highly pigmented urines
  6. High conc of nitrite
  7. Phenazopyridine
A
  1. Neg
  2. Pos
  3. Pos
  4. Neg
  5. Pos
  6. Neg
  7. Pos
234
Q

Bilirubin is correlated with which parameter

A

Urobilinogen

235
Q

Which is more sensitive to bilirubin, rgt strip or ictotest?

A

Ictotest

236
Q

Urine bilirubin confirmatory test

A

Ictotest

237
Q

Ictotest rgts

A

p-nitrobenzene-diazonium-p-toluenesulfonate, SSA, sodium carbonate, boric acid

238
Q

Positive result for ictotest

A

Blue to purple color after 60 secs

239
Q

Bile pigment that result from hgb degradation

A

Urobilinogen

240
Q

Normal value for urobilinogen

A

<1 mg/dL

241
Q

Convert 8 mg/dL to Ehrlich unit

A

8 Ehrlich units

242
Q

Spn for urobilinogen testing

A

Afternoon spn (2-4 pm)

243
Q

Approx. 99% of urobilinogen can be found in:

A. Plasma
B. Urine
C. Feces

A

C. Feces

244
Q

Ehrlich rgt

A

PDAB

245
Q

Is PDAB or Ehrlich rgt specific or nonspecific to urobilinogen?

A

Nonspecific

246
Q

Rgt that is specific to urobilinogen

A

4-methoxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate

247
Q

False pos or neg (rgt strip for urobilinogen)

  1. p-aminosalicylic acid
  2. Old spn
  3. Procaine sulfonamides
  4. Ehrlich-reactive comp
  5. Formalin
  6. Pigmented urine
  7. Methyldopa
  8. Chlorpromazine
  9. Indican
  10. Methyldopa
  11. Porphobilinogen
  12. High conc of nitrite
A
  1. Pos
  2. Neg
  3. Pos
  4. Pos
  5. Neg
  6. Pos
  7. Pos
  8. Pos
  9. Pos
  10. Pos
  11. Pos
  12. Neg
248
Q

Test to diff urobilinogen, porphobilinogen and other Ehrlich-reactive compounds

A

Watson-Schwartz test

249
Q

Rgts of Watson-Schwartz test

A

Chloroform & butanol

250
Q

Watson-Schwartz test: unknown substance soluble in butanol but not in chloroform

A

Other Ehrlich compounds

251
Q

Watson-Schwartz test: unknown substance not extractable by both butanol and chloroform

A

Porphobilinogen

252
Q

Watson-Schwartz test: soluble in both chloroform and butanol

A

Urobilinogen

253
Q

Hoesch test aka

A

Inverse Ehrlich rxn

254
Q

The Hoesch test is a rapid screening test for?

A

Porphobilinogen

255
Q

Hoesch test sensitivity to porphobilinogen

A

> or = 2 mg/dL

256
Q

How much urine is needed for Hoesch test?

A

2 gtts/drops

257
Q

Hoesch rgt

A

Ehrlich’s rgt in 6 M or 6 N HCl

258
Q

Positive color for Hoesch test

A

Red

259
Q

Amount of Hoesch rgt needed

A

2 mL

260
Q

Liver damage (hepatic jaundice)

Blood bilirubin level (B1 & B2): ?
Urine bilirubin level (B2): ?
Urine urobilinogen level: ?

A

Increased B1 & B2
+ / -
++

261
Q

Extravascular hemolytic disease (pre-hepatic jaundice)

Blood bilirubin level (B1 & B2): ?
Urine bilirubin level (B2): ?
Urine urobilinogen level: ?

A

Increased B1
Negative
+++

262
Q

Bile duct obstruction (post-hepatic or obstructive jaundice)

Blood bilirubin level (B1 & B2): ?
Urine bilirubin level (B2): ?
Urine urobilinogen level: ?

A

Increased B2
+++
negative / decreased (rgt strip: Normal)

263
Q

What only type of bilirubin can appear in the urine when the normal degradation cycle is disrupted?

A

Conjugated bilirubin

264
Q

True or false: jaundice due to increased destruction of RBCs produce bilirubinuria.

A

False. It does not produce bilirubinuria

265
Q

Studies have shown that when urobilinogen tests are routinely performed, 1% of the nonhospitalized population and 9% of a hospitalized population exhibit elevated results. This is frequently caused by _____.

A

Constipation

266
Q

Rapid screening test for UTI pr bacteriuria

A

Nitrite

267
Q

Spn for nitrite determination

A

4 hour collection or first morning urine

268
Q

False pos or neg (rgt strip for nitrite)

  1. Nonreductase-containing bacteria
  2. Highly pigmented urine
  3. Large quantities of bacteria
  4. Improperly preserved spn
  5. Antibiotics
  6. High ascorbic acid
  7. High SG
  8. Lack of urinary nitrate
  9. Insufficient contact time between bacteria & urinary nitrate
A
  1. Neg
  2. Pos
  3. Neg
  4. Pos
  5. Neg
  6. Neg
  7. Neg
  8. Neg
  9. Neg
269
Q

During rgt strip reading, you saw pink spots/edges in the nitrite pad. How is this reported?

A

Negative

270
Q

(+) nitrite corresponds to how much organisms/mL?

A

100,000

271
Q

Screening of urine culture spn

A

Leukocytes

272
Q

False pos or neg (rgt strip pad for leukocytes)

  1. Strong oxidizing agents
  2. Formalin
  3. Highly pigmented urine
  4. Gentamicin
  5. Cephalosporins
  6. Tetracyclines
  7. Oxalic acid
  8. Nitrofurantoin
  9. Inaccurate timing
  10. Ascorbic acid
  11. Protein
  12. Glucose
A
  1. Pos
  2. Pos
  3. Pos
  4. Neg
  5. Neg
  6. Neg
  7. Neg
  8. Pos
  9. Neg
  10. Neg
  11. Neg
  12. Neg
273
Q

WBB that does not contain leukocyte esterase

A

Lymphocyte

274
Q

Parasite that has leukocyte esterase

A

Trichomonas vaginalis

275
Q

Can the rgt strip pad for nitrite detect lysed WBCs?

A

Yes

276
Q

What is the 11th rgt pad?

A

Ascorbic acid

277
Q

Ascorbic acid produces false ____ (pos or neg) to ______ (enumerate all parameters)

A

Neg to blood, bilirubin, leukocytes, nitrite, glucose

278
Q

Reading time for C-stix for ascorbic acid

A

10 secs

279
Q

Reading time for Stix for ascorbic acid

A

60 secs

280
Q

Positive color for ascorbic acid rgt pad

A

Blue

281
Q

More accurate, quantitative method in identifying ascorbic acid in urine

A

GC-MS

282
Q

Sensitivity of rgt pad to ascorbic acid

A

> or = 5 mg/dL

283
Q

Rgt for ascorbic acid rgt pad

A

Phosphomolybdate

284
Q

Cranberry juice contains ____ that causes urinary excretion of hippuric acid (antibacterial)

A

Quinic acid

285
Q

SG should be considered in evaluating urine protein because a trace protein in a ____ spn is more significant than in a ____ spn.

A. Dilute; concentrated
B. Concentrated; dilute

A

A. Dilute; concentrated

286
Q

Lysis of RBCs in the urine show:

A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria
C. Mixture of both A and B

A

C. Mixture of both A and B

287
Q

During intravascular hemolysis:

A. RBCs can be seen in the urine
B. No RBCs are seen

A

B. No RBCs are seen

288
Q

Development of ____ has been found to be side effect in certain px taking cholesterol-lowering statin medications

A

Rhabdomyolysis

289
Q

Nitrate reductase is found in the gram___ (pos or neg) Enterobacteriaceae that can cause UTI

A

Neg

290
Q

Dietary nitrate can be found in ____

A

Green vegetables

291
Q

Trichomonas, yeast, Chlamydia & interstitial nephritis:

A. Produce bacteriuria without leukocyturia
B. Produce leukocyturia without bacteriuria
C. Produce both bacteriuria and leukocyturia
D. Does not produce both leukocyturia and bacteriuria

A

B. Produce leukocyturia without bacteriuria

292
Q

Identify which parameter is described by the ff rgts:

  1. 2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt
  2. p-arsanilic acid, tetrahydrobenzo(h)-quinolin-3-ol
  3. 4-methoxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate
  4. p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
  5. Dimethyldihydroperoxyhexane tetramethylbenzidine
  6. Sodium nitroprusside, glycine
  7. Peroxidase, tetramethylbenzidine
  8. Peroxidase, potassium iodide
  9. Ethylene glycol diaminoethyl ether tetraacetic acid bromthymol blue
  10. Methyl red, bromthymol blue
  11. Indoxylcarbonic acid ester, diazonium salt
  12. Tetrabromphenol blue
  13. Tetrachlorophenol tetrabromosulfonphtalein
  14. Derivatized pyrrole amino acid, diazonium salt
  15. Sulfanilamide, hydroxytetrahydro benzoquinoline
  16. Diisopropylbenzene dehydroperoxide tetramethylbenzidine
  17. 2,6-dichlorobenzene diazonium salt
  18. Poly (methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride) bromthymol blue
A
  1. Bilirubin
  2. Nitrite
  3. Urobilinogen
  4. Urobilinogen
  5. Blood
  6. Ketone
  7. Glucose
  8. Glucose
  9. SG
  10. pH
  11. Leukocyte
  12. Protein
  13. Protein
  14. Leukocyte
  15. Nitrite
  16. Blood
  17. Bilirubin
  18. SG

Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids (18 decks)

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