Chapter 5 - Chemical Examination of Urine Flashcards
1
Q
Identify reading time:
SG
A
45 secs
2
Q
Identify reading time:
Blood
A
60 secs
3
Q
Identify reading time:
Bilirubin
A
30 secs
4
Q
Identify reading time:
pH
A
30 secs
5
Q
Identify reading time:
Ketones
A
40 secs
6
Q
Identify reading time:
Leukocyte esterase
A
120 secs
7
Q
Identify reading time:
Nitrite
A
60 secs
8
Q
Identify reading time:
Urobilinogen
A
60 secs
9
Q
Identify reading time:
Glucose
A
30 secs
10
Q
Identify reading time:
Protein
A
60 secs
11
Q
Identify the parameter described by the following principle:
Diazo reaction
A
Bilirubin
12
Q
Identify the parameter described by the following principle:
Error of indicators
A
Protein
13
Q
Identify the parameter described by the following principle:
Greiss rxn
A
Nitrite
14
Q
Identify the parameter described by the following principle:
Sodium nitroprusside rxn
A
Ketones
15
Q
Identify the parameter described by the following principle:
Double sequential enzyme rxn
A
Glucose
16
Q
Identify the parameter described by the following principle:
Double indicator system
A
pH
17
Q
pKa change of electrolyte
A
SG
18
Q
Identify the parameter described by the following principle:
Pseudoperoxidase activity
A
Blood
19
Q
Identify the parameter described by the following principle:
Ehrlich rxn
A
Urobilinogen
20
Q
Identify the parameter described by the following principle:
Leukocyte esterase rxn
A
Leukocytes
21
Q
Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:
Protein
A
Blue
22
Q
Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:
Nitrite
A
Uniform pink
23
Q
Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:
Leukocytes
A
Purple
24
Q
Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:
Bilirubin
A
Tan or pink to violet
25
Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:
pH
Orange (pH 5.0) to blue (pH 9.0)
26
Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:
Urobilinogen
Red
27
Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:
Blood
Uniform green / blue (hgb / Mgb)
| Speckled / spotted green (intact RBCs)
28
Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:
Glucose
Green to brown (if potassium iodide chromogen is used)
29
Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:
SG
Blue (1.000) to yellow (1.030)
30
Identify the positive color of the ff rgt strip parameters:
Ketones
Purple
31
How long should you dip the rgt strip in the urine?
1 sec
32
How should you blot the strip on a disposable absorbent pad?
Sideways / blot the edge of strip
33
In what temp should rgt strips be stored?
Room temp (below 30 deg C; do not freeze)
34
Principle of automated rgt strip readers
Reflectance photometry
35
Regarding automated rgt strip readers, the darker the color of the rgt pad, the _____ (higher / lesser) the light reflection.
Lesser
36
Specific gravity is influenced by _____ and _____ in a solution.
Number and size of particles
37
Normal SG (random)
1.003-1.035
38
What does a urine SG of less than 1.003 indicate?
The spn is not a urine (except in DI)
39
When SG is greater than 1.040, what does it indicate?
Presence of radiographic dye
40
SG of px with isosthenuria
SG = 1.010
41
SG for px with hyposthenuria
SG < 1.010
42
SG for px with hypersthenuria
SG > 1.010
43
SG of glomerular filtrate
1.010
44
Major disadvantage of urinometer
It requires large amount of spn
45
Other name for urinometer
Hydrometer
46
Regarding urinometry, the scale reading is taken at the _____ (top / bottom) of the urine meniscus
Bottom
47
Calibration temp for urinometer
20 deg C
48
The SG reading is 1.020. Urine temp is 29 deg C with 2 g/dL of glucose and 3 g/dL of protein. What is the SG to be reported after getting these results from the rgt pad?
1.020 (rgt pad)
49
The SG reading is 1.020. Urine temp is 29 deg C with 2 g/dL of glucose and 3 g/dL of protein. What is the SG to be reported after getting these results using a urinometer?
1.006
50
Urine volume required for urinometer
10-15 mL
51
Calibration used for urinometer
Potassium sulfate (K2SO4) soln
52
SG reading when urinometer is calibrated using potassium sulfate
1.015
53
How to prepare potassium sulfate soln in urinometer
20.29 g K2SO4 in 1 L water
54
Other name for refractometer
TS meter (total solids)
55
How much urine sample is used in refractometer
1-2 drops
56
How to clean refractometer after using it
Wipe the sample from prism, clean with tissue & water
57
Refractometry is an INDIRECT method based on ______.
Refractive index
58
Formula for refractive index
RI = light velocity in air / light velocity in soln
59
The refractometer is compensated to what temp?
15-38 deg C
60
Does urinometer need temp corrections?
Yes
61
Does refractometer need temp correction?
No
62
Does urinometer need corrections for glucose and protein presence?
Yes
63
Does refractometer need corrections for glucose and protein presence?
Yes
64
Expected SG for calibrating refractometers using 5% NaCl
1.022 plus/minus 0.001
65
Expected SG for calibrating refractometers using 3% NaCl
1.015 plus/minus 0.001
66
Expected SG for calibrating refractometers using distilled water
1.000
67
How much percent sucrose should you use for refractometer calibration?
9% sucrose
68
Expected SG for calibrating refractometers using 9% sucrose
1.034 plus/minus 0.001
69
SG of 1.030 was obtained using urinometer, what is the SG of the same sample when obtained using refractometer?
1.028 (Rf < U by 0.002)
70
Spn with very high SG readings can be diluted and retested. If urine spn diluted 1:4 has a reading of 1.014, what is the actual SG reading?
1.056 (14 x 4)
71
The rgt strip pad sensitivity for SG
1.000-1.030
72
SG rgt strip pad color for spn with low SG
Blue
73
SG rgt strip pad color for spn with high SG
Yellow
74
False pos or neg:
Regarding SG rgt strip pad; highly alkaline urine (>6.5)
False neg
75
False pos or neg:
Regarding SG rgt strip pad; high protein conc
False pos
76
True or false: the rgt strip for SG requires correction if spn contains radiographic dye
False
77
Is the rgt strip for SG affected by glucose and protein?
No
78
The fxn of the bromthymol blue in the rgt strip for SG
Indicator
79
The SG reading using rgt strip pad is 1.025. The urine pH is 6.7. What is the corrected SG reading?
1.030
80
Principle of yellow IRIS
Harmonic oscillation
81
The IRIS in yellow IRIS stands for?
International Remote Imaging System
82
Required urine volume for yellow IRIS
6 mL
83
Volume required for IRIS slideless microscope
4 mL
84
Volume required for IRIS mass gravity meter
2 mL
85
Method of SG determination that is based on frequency of soundwave entering a soln. changes in proportion to the density of the soln.
Harmonic oscillation densitometry
86
Which parameter is important in identification of urine crystals and determination of unsatisfactory spns
pH
87
Normal urine pH
4.5-8.0
88
pH of first morning urine
5.0-6.0
89
Urine pH of 9 indicates:
Unpreserved urine
90
Occurs after meals due to withdrawal of H+ ions for the purpose of secretion of HCl
Alkaline tide
91
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
After meal
Alkaline
92
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
Vomiting
Alkaline
93
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
High protein diet
Acidic
94
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
Starvation
Acidic
95
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
Cranberry juice
Acidic
96
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
Citrus fruits
Alkaline
97
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
Renal tubular acidosis
Alkaline
98
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
Vegetarian diet
Alkaline
99
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
DM
Acidic
100
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
Emphysema
Acidic
101
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
old specimens
Alkaline
102
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
Presence of E. Coli
Acidic
103
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
Presence of urease-producing bacteria
Alkaline
104
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
Diarrhea
Acidic
105
Determine whether acid or alkaline urine:
Hyperventilation
Alkaline
106
What makes cranberry juice effective in treating UTI?
Hippuric acid
107
Color in rgt strip for pH of 5.2
Red to yellow
108
Color in rgt strip for pH of 7.0
Yellow to blue
109
Reagents of rgt strip pad for pH
Methyl red, bromthymol blue
110
Parameter most indicative of renal dse
Protein
111
Proteins in urine produces _____ (color) foam in urine when shaken
White
112
Major serum protein found in urine
Albumin
113
Normal urine albumin value
<150 mg/day
114
Caused by conditions that affect the plasma prior to its reaching the kidney
Pre-renal or overflow proteinuria
115
The dse assoc with the proliferation of Ig-producing plasma cells
Multiple myeloma
116
The protein assoc with mutiple myeloma
Bence-Jones Protein
117
BJP:
A. Light chain to light chain
B. Heavy chain to heavy chain
C. Light chain to heavy chain
A. Light chain to light chain
118
BJP in urine: precipitates at ____ deg C and dissolves at ____ deg C
40-60 deg C ; 100 deg C
119
Multiple myeloma is an example of:
A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria
A. Pre renal proteinuria
120
Diabetic nephropathy is an example of:
A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
121
Presence of spermatozoa:
A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria
122
Orthostatic / Cadet / postural proteinuria:
A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
123
Pre-eclampsia
A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
124
Fanconi’s syndrome
A. Pre renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
C. Post renal proteinuria
B. Renal proteinuria
125
Principle of micral test
Enzyme immunoassay
126
Indicator of diabetic nephropathy defined as proteinuria undetectable by routine rgt strip
Microalbuminuria
127
Normal AER
0-20 ug/min
128
AER in microalbuminuria
20-200 ug/min (or 30-300 mg/24 hrs)
129
Clinical albuminuria
>200 ug/min
130
Test for microalbuminuria
Micral test
131
Positive and negative rxn colors for micral test.
Red - positive
| White - negative
132
Reagents of micral test
Gold-labeled antibody, B-galactosidase, chlorophenol red galactoside
133
Micral test sensitivity
0-10 mg/dL
134
Diluted urine cause false pos or neg in micral test?
False neg
135
Principle of immunodip
Immunochromographics
136
Immunodip sensitivity
1.2-8.0 mg/dL
137
Rgt used in immunodip
Antibody coated blue latex particles
138
Diluted urine causes false pos or neg in immunodip
False neg
139
What does immunodip measure?
Microalbuminuria
140
Principle: sensitive albumin tests related to creatinine conc to correct for px hydration
Albumin:creatinine ratio - clinitest microalbumin strips / multistix pro
141
Visibly bloody / abnormally colored urine / creatinine = cimetidine causes false pos or neg in albumin:creatinine ratio?
False pos
142
Proteinuria when standing due to increased pressure to renal veins
Orthostatic / cadet / postural proteinuria
143
Will there be proteinuria in the first morning of a px w/ orthostatic proteinuria?
No
144
Will there be proteinuria in the first morning of a px w/ clinical proteinuria?
Yes
145
Will there be proteinuria in the urine spn of a px w/ orthostatic proteinuria collected 2 hrs after standing?
Yes
146
Will there be proteinuria in the urine spn of a px w/ clinical proteinuria collected 2 hrs after standing?
Yes
147
Toxic agents / heavy metals causes proteinuria by affecting which part of nephrons?
Tubules
148
True/False: Viral infections may cause renal proteinuria
True
149
Other name of the principle of the rgt strip pad for protein
Sorensen’s error of indicators
150
False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):
High SG
False pos
151
False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):
Non-albumin proteins
False neg
152
False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):
Highly buffered alkaline urine
False pos
153
False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):
Pigmented spn
False pos
154
False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):
Phenazopyridine
False pos
155
False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):
Quaternary ammonium compounds (detergents)
False pos
156
False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):
Antiseptics
False pos
157
False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):
Microalbuminuria
False neg
158
False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):
Chlorhexidine
False pos
159
False pos or false neg (protein rgt strip pad):
Loss of buffer from prolonged exposure of the rgt strip to the spn
False pos
160
Regarding rgt strip pad for protein, the indicator is sensitive to _____ (what protein)
Albumin only
161
True or false: protein result in rgt strip is correlated to nitrite
True
162
A COLD PRECIPITATION TEST that reacts equally with all forms of proteins
Sulfosalicylic acid (SSA) precipitation test
163
How much urine is needed for SSA precipitation test?
3 mL
164
What is the rgt used and how much of that rgt is used in SSA precipitation test?
3% SSA, 3 mL
165
Other name for 3% SSA rgt
Exton’s rgt
166
Positive result for SSA precipitation test
Cloudiness
167
SSA grading:
Noticeable turbidity
Trace
168
SSA grading:
No increase in turbidity
Negative
169
SSA grading:
Clumps of protein
4+
170
SSA grading:
Turbidity with granulation but NO flocculation
2+
171
SSA grading:
Distinct turbidity with no granulation
1+
172
SSA grading:
Turbidity with granulation AND flocculation
3+
173
Identify protein range (in mg/dL) for the ff SSA grading:
1. Negative
2. Trace
3. 1+
4. 2+
5. 3+
6. 4+
1. <6
2. 6-30
3. 30-100
4. 100-200
5. 200-400
6. >400
174
Most frequently tested parameter in urine
Glucose / dextrose
175
Plasma conc of a substance at which tubular reabsorption stops
Plasma threshold
176
Levulose aka ______
Fructose
177
Sugar that tests negative in copper reduction test (nonreducing sugar)
Sucrose
178
Increased / decreased / normal:
hyperglycemia-associated
_____ blood glucose
_____ urine glucose
Increased
| Increased
179
Increased / decreased / normal:
Renal-associated
_____ blood glucose
_____ urine glucose
Normal
| Increased
180
Hyperglycemia-assoc / renal-assoc:
1. DM
2. Cushing’s syndrome
3. Fanconi syndrome
4. Acromegaly
5. Hyperthyroidism
6. Pheochromocytoma
1. Hyperglycemia-assoc
2. Hyperglycemia-assoc
3. Hypoglycemia-assoc
4. Hyperglycemia-assoc
5. Hyperglycemia-assoc
6. Hyperglycemia-assoc
181
Dse describes as defective tubular reabsorption of glucose and amino acids
Fanconi syndrome
182
The 2 enzymes used in the rgt strip pad for glucose (double sequential enzyme rxn)
Glucose oxidase & peroxidase
183
False pos or neg (rgt strip pad for glucose)
1. High SG
2. Low temp
3. Oxidizing agents
4. Detergents
5. High levels of ascorbic acid
6. Ketones
7. Improperly preserved spn
1. False neg
2. False neg
3. False pos
4. False pos
5. False neg
6. False neg
7. False neg
184
Sensitivity of rgt strip for glucose
100 mg/dL
185
Is the rgt strip specific to glucose?
Yes
186
Principle of both clinitest & Benedict’s test
Copper reduction
187
Is clinitest and Benedict’s test specific or nonspecific?
Both are nonspecific
188
The Benedict’s test cannot detect this sugar
Sucrose
189
Positive color for Benedict’s test
Brick red
190
Rgt used in Benedict’s
Copper sulfate
191
False pos or false neg (Benedict’s):
Oxidizing agents (detergents)
False neg
192
False pos or false neg (Benedict’s):
Ascorbic acid, uric acid (reducing agents)
False pos
193
How much urine is used in clinitest?
5 gtts or drops
194
How much water is used in clinitest?
10 gtts or drops
195
To prevent pass through phenomenon using the clinitest, what should you do?
Use 2 gtts or drops instead of 5
196
Pass-through phenomenon occurs when _____ g/dL sugar is present
>2 g/dL
197
The tablets contain:
_____ - main reacting agent
_____ - eliminates interfering O2
_____ - for heat production
CuSO4
NaCO3
Na citrate
198
Interpret the ff results:
1. Glucose oxidase: 1+ positive
Clinitest: negative
2. Glucose oxidase: 4+ positive
Clinitest: negative
3. Glucose oxidase: negative
Clinitest: negative
1. Small amt of glucose
2. Possible oxidizing agent interference on rgt strip
3. Non-glucose reducing substance present; possible interfering substances for rgt strips (ex: ascorbic acid)
199
Result from increased fat metabolism due to inability to metabolize carbs
Ketones
200
Parent ketone
Acetoacetic acid / diacetic acid
201
Major ketone in the body but not detected in the rgt strip
Beta-hydroxybutyric acid
202
Percentage of each ketones:
____% beta-hydroxybutyric acid
____% acetoacetic acid / diacetic acid
____% acetone
78%
20%
2%
203
Other name for ketone rgt strip principle (sodium nitroprusside rxn)
Legal’s test
204
Other name for sodium nitroprusside
Sodium nitroferricyanide
205
False pos / false neg (rgt strip for ketone):
1. Pthalein dyes
2. Highly pigmented red urine
3. Levodopa
4. Medications with sulfhydryl grps
5. Improperly preserved specimens
1-4: false pos
| 5. False neg
206
In which parameter is ketone correlated?
Glucose
207
Ketone body/bodies that is/are detected by rgt strip for ketones
AAA/diacetic acid, acetone when glycine is present
208
Acetest tests for what parameter?
Ketones
209
Acetest rxn time
30 secs
210
Rgts of acetest
Sodium nitroprusside, disodium phosphate, glycine, lactose
211
Cloudy red urine
A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria
C. Myoglobinuria
A. Hematuria
212
Clear red urine
A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria
C. Myoglobinuria
B or C
213
Matching type:
1. Glomerulonephritis
2. Muscular dystrophy
3. Tumors
4. Severe burns
5. Hemolytic anemia
6. Crush syndrome
7. Renal calculi
8. Trauma
9. Extensive exertion
10. Transfusion rxns
11. Rhabdomyolysis
12. Brown recluse spider bites
13. Strenous exercise
14. Intravascular hemolysis
A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria
C. Myoglobinuria
1. A
2. C
3. A
4. B
5. B
6. C
7. A
8. A
9. C
10. B
11. C
12. C
13. A
14. B
214
True or false: heme portion of the myoglobin is toxic to renal tubules
True
215
Test to diff hgb and mgb
Blondheim’s test
216
Blondheim’s test aka
Ammonium sulfate
217
Plasma examination for urine with hgb
Red/pink plasma
218
Plasma examination for urine with mgb
Pale yellow plasma
219
Expected haptoglobin levels for px with hgb in urine (increased or decreased)
Decreased
220
Expected CK and aldolase activity for px with mgb in urine (increased or decreased)
Increased
221
Micral test reading time
60 secs
222
Blondheim’s test: urine + 2.8 g ammonium sulfate (80% satd.) allow the mixture to sit for ____ (how long). Test ____ for blood with a rgt strip.
5 mins; supernatant
223
Blondheim’s test: Precipitated by ammonium sulfate
A. Hgb
B. Mgb
A
224
Blondheim’s test: positive in rgt strip after ammonium sulfate test.
A. Hgb
B. Mgb
B
225
False pos or neg (rgt strip for blood)
1. Strong oxidizing agents
2. Ascorbic acid (>25 mg/dL)
3. High conc of nitrites
4. Unmixed spn
5. Crenated cells
6. Bacterial peroxidase
7. menstrual contam
8. High SG
9. Formalin
10. Captopril
1. Pos
2. Neg
3. Neg
4. Neg
5. Neg
6. Pos
7. Pos
8. Neg
9. Neg
10. Neg
226
Uniform green / blue color
A. Hgb
B. Mgb
C. Hematuria
A or B
227
Speckled / spotted
A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria
C. Myoglobinuria
A
228
Ictotest tests which parameter?
Bilirubin
229
Which bilirubin type/s appear/s in the urine?
A. Conjugated bilirubin
B. Unconjugated bilirubin
A. Conjugated bilirubin
230
Bilirubin is an early indication of?
Liver dse
231
Tea-colored urine is assoc with:
Bilirubin
232
Color of foam in a urine with bilirubin
Yellow
233
False pos or neg (rgt strip for bilirubin)
1. Spn exposure to light
2. Indican
3. Metab of Lodine
4. Ascorbic acid
5. Highly pigmented urines
6. High conc of nitrite
7. Phenazopyridine
1. Neg
2. Pos
3. Pos
4. Neg
5. Pos
6. Neg
7. Pos
234
Bilirubin is correlated with which parameter
Urobilinogen
235
Which is more sensitive to bilirubin, rgt strip or ictotest?
Ictotest
236
Urine bilirubin confirmatory test
Ictotest
237
Ictotest rgts
p-nitrobenzene-diazonium-p-toluenesulfonate, SSA, sodium carbonate, boric acid
238
Positive result for ictotest
Blue to purple color after 60 secs
239
Bile pigment that result from hgb degradation
Urobilinogen
240
Normal value for urobilinogen
<1 mg/dL
241
Convert 8 mg/dL to Ehrlich unit
8 Ehrlich units
242
Spn for urobilinogen testing
Afternoon spn (2-4 pm)
243
Approx. 99% of urobilinogen can be found in:
A. Plasma
B. Urine
C. Feces
C. Feces
244
Ehrlich rgt
PDAB
245
Is PDAB or Ehrlich rgt specific or nonspecific to urobilinogen?
Nonspecific
246
Rgt that is specific to urobilinogen
4-methoxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate
247
False pos or neg (rgt strip for urobilinogen)
1. p-aminosalicylic acid
2. Old spn
3. Procaine sulfonamides
4. Ehrlich-reactive comp
5. Formalin
6. Pigmented urine
7. Methyldopa
8. Chlorpromazine
9. Indican
10. Methyldopa
11. Porphobilinogen
12. High conc of nitrite
1. Pos
2. Neg
3. Pos
4. Pos
5. Neg
6. Pos
7. Pos
8. Pos
9. Pos
10. Pos
11. Pos
12. Neg
248
Test to diff urobilinogen, porphobilinogen and other Ehrlich-reactive compounds
Watson-Schwartz test
249
Rgts of Watson-Schwartz test
Chloroform & butanol
250
Watson-Schwartz test: unknown substance soluble in butanol but not in chloroform
Other Ehrlich compounds
251
Watson-Schwartz test: unknown substance not extractable by both butanol and chloroform
Porphobilinogen
252
Watson-Schwartz test: soluble in both chloroform and butanol
Urobilinogen
253
Hoesch test aka
Inverse Ehrlich rxn
254
The Hoesch test is a rapid screening test for?
Porphobilinogen
255
Hoesch test sensitivity to porphobilinogen
> or = 2 mg/dL
256
How much urine is needed for Hoesch test?
2 gtts/drops
257
Hoesch rgt
Ehrlich’s rgt in 6 M or 6 N HCl
258
Positive color for Hoesch test
Red
259
Amount of Hoesch rgt needed
2 mL
260
Liver damage (hepatic jaundice)
Blood bilirubin level (B1 & B2): ?
Urine bilirubin level (B2): ?
Urine urobilinogen level: ?
Increased B1 & B2
+ / -
++
261
Extravascular hemolytic disease (pre-hepatic jaundice)
Blood bilirubin level (B1 & B2): ?
Urine bilirubin level (B2): ?
Urine urobilinogen level: ?
Increased B1
Negative
+++
262
Bile duct obstruction (post-hepatic or obstructive jaundice)
Blood bilirubin level (B1 & B2): ?
Urine bilirubin level (B2): ?
Urine urobilinogen level: ?
Increased B2
+++
negative / decreased (rgt strip: Normal)
263
What only type of bilirubin can appear in the urine when the normal degradation cycle is disrupted?
Conjugated bilirubin
264
True or false: jaundice due to increased destruction of RBCs produce bilirubinuria.
False. It does not produce bilirubinuria
265
Studies have shown that when urobilinogen tests are routinely performed, 1% of the nonhospitalized population and 9% of a hospitalized population exhibit elevated results. This is frequently caused by _____.
Constipation
266
Rapid screening test for UTI pr bacteriuria
Nitrite
267
Spn for nitrite determination
4 hour collection or first morning urine
268
False pos or neg (rgt strip for nitrite)
1. Nonreductase-containing bacteria
2. Highly pigmented urine
3. Large quantities of bacteria
4. Improperly preserved spn
5. Antibiotics
6. High ascorbic acid
7. High SG
8. Lack of urinary nitrate
9. Insufficient contact time between bacteria & urinary nitrate
1. Neg
2. Pos
3. Neg
4. Pos
5. Neg
6. Neg
7. Neg
8. Neg
9. Neg
269
During rgt strip reading, you saw pink spots/edges in the nitrite pad. How is this reported?
Negative
270
(+) nitrite corresponds to how much organisms/mL?
100,000
271
Screening of urine culture spn
Leukocytes
272
False pos or neg (rgt strip pad for leukocytes)
1. Strong oxidizing agents
2. Formalin
3. Highly pigmented urine
4. Gentamicin
5. Cephalosporins
6. Tetracyclines
7. Oxalic acid
8. Nitrofurantoin
9. Inaccurate timing
10. Ascorbic acid
11. Protein
12. Glucose
1. Pos
2. Pos
3. Pos
4. Neg
5. Neg
6. Neg
7. Neg
8. Pos
9. Neg
10. Neg
11. Neg
12. Neg
273
WBB that does not contain leukocyte esterase
Lymphocyte
274
Parasite that has leukocyte esterase
Trichomonas vaginalis
275
Can the rgt strip pad for nitrite detect lysed WBCs?
Yes
276
What is the 11th rgt pad?
Ascorbic acid
277
Ascorbic acid produces false ____ (pos or neg) to ______ (enumerate all parameters)
Neg to blood, bilirubin, leukocytes, nitrite, glucose
278
Reading time for C-stix for ascorbic acid
10 secs
279
Reading time for Stix for ascorbic acid
60 secs
280
Positive color for ascorbic acid rgt pad
Blue
281
More accurate, quantitative method in identifying ascorbic acid in urine
GC-MS
282
Sensitivity of rgt pad to ascorbic acid
> or = 5 mg/dL
283
Rgt for ascorbic acid rgt pad
Phosphomolybdate
284
Cranberry juice contains ____ that causes urinary excretion of hippuric acid (antibacterial)
Quinic acid
285
SG should be considered in evaluating urine protein because a trace protein in a ____ spn is more significant than in a ____ spn.
A. Dilute; concentrated
B. Concentrated; dilute
A. Dilute; concentrated
286
Lysis of RBCs in the urine show:
A. Hematuria
B. Hemoglobinuria
C. Mixture of both A and B
C. Mixture of both A and B
287
During intravascular hemolysis:
A. RBCs can be seen in the urine
B. No RBCs are seen
B. No RBCs are seen
288
Development of ____ has been found to be side effect in certain px taking cholesterol-lowering statin medications
Rhabdomyolysis
289
Nitrate reductase is found in the gram___ (pos or neg) Enterobacteriaceae that can cause UTI
Neg
290
Dietary nitrate can be found in ____
Green vegetables
291
Trichomonas, yeast, Chlamydia & interstitial nephritis:
A. Produce bacteriuria without leukocyturia
B. Produce leukocyturia without bacteriuria
C. Produce both bacteriuria and leukocyturia
D. Does not produce both leukocyturia and bacteriuria
B. Produce leukocyturia without bacteriuria
292
Identify which parameter is described by the ff rgts:
1. 2,4-dichloroaniline diazonium salt
2. p-arsanilic acid, tetrahydrobenzo(h)-quinolin-3-ol
3. 4-methoxybenzene-diazonium-tetrafluoroborate
4. p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde
5. Dimethyldihydroperoxyhexane tetramethylbenzidine
6. Sodium nitroprusside, glycine
7. Peroxidase, tetramethylbenzidine
8. Peroxidase, potassium iodide
9. Ethylene glycol diaminoethyl ether tetraacetic acid bromthymol blue
10. Methyl red, bromthymol blue
11. Indoxylcarbonic acid ester, diazonium salt
12. Tetrabromphenol blue
13. Tetrachlorophenol tetrabromosulfonphtalein
14. Derivatized pyrrole amino acid, diazonium salt
15. Sulfanilamide, hydroxytetrahydro benzoquinoline
16. Diisopropylbenzene dehydroperoxide tetramethylbenzidine
17. 2,6-dichlorobenzene diazonium salt
18. Poly (methyl vinyl ether/maleic anhydride) bromthymol blue
1. Bilirubin
2. Nitrite
3. Urobilinogen
4. Urobilinogen
5. Blood
6. Ketone
7. Glucose
8. Glucose
9. SG
10. pH
11. Leukocyte
12. Protein
13. Protein
14. Leukocyte
15. Nitrite
16. Blood
17. Bilirubin
18. SG
