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Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids > Chapter 2 - Renal Function > Flashcards

Chapter 2 - Renal Function Flashcards

1
Q

Basic structural & functional unit of the kidney

A

Nephron

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2
Q

How many nephrons are there per kidney?

A

1 to 1.5 million

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3
Q

Nephron consists of?

A

Glomerulus, renal tubules

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4
Q

Renal functions

A

renal blood flow, glomerular filtration, tubular reabsorption, tubular secretion

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5
Q

Renal artery carries:
A. Unfiltered blood
B. Filtered blood

A

A. Unfiltered blood

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6
Q

Blood entering the glomerulus comes from:

A. Efferent arteriole
B. Afferent arteriole

A

B. Afferent arteriole

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7
Q

Blood exiting the glomerulus goes to:
A. Efferent arteriole
B. Afferent arteriole

A

A. Efferent arteriole

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8
Q

Total renal plasma flow

A

600-700 mL/min

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9
Q

Total renal blood flow

A

1200 mL/min

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10
Q

Part of nephron that resembles a sieve

A

Glomerulus

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11
Q

Glomerulus is
A. Nonselective
B. Selective

A

Nonselective

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12
Q

Glomerulus is a coil of approximately 8 capillary lobes (capillary tuft) located within _____.

A

Bowman’s capsule

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13
Q

Glomerulus filter plasma substances with MW of _____.

A

<70 000 Da / <70 KDa

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14
Q

Why is albumin not filtered by the glomerulus?

A

Shield of negativity repels the negatively charged albumin

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15
Q

The specific gravity of glomerular filtration

A

1.010

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16
Q

The specific gravity of plasma

A

1.010

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17
Q

5 main substances that pass through the glomerulus?

A

Salt, water, amino acid, glucose, urea

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18
Q

What is the MW of albumin and its charge in the body?

A

6.9 KDa, negative

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19
Q

When does albumin become positive?

A

At pH 4.9

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20
Q

First function to be affected in renal disease

A

Tubular reabsorption

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21
Q

Renal threshold for glucose

A

160-180 mg/dL

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22
Q

Major site (65%) of reabsorption of plasma substances

A

Proximal convoluted tubule

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23
Q

Which of the following is the main action of aldosterone?

A. Return sodium back to blood
B. Promote excretion of sodium
C. Return water back to blood
D. Promote water excretion

A

A. Return sodium back to blood

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24
Q

What happens when ADH is decreased?

A. More salt is excreted
B. More water is excreted
C. Less salt is excreted
D. Less water is excreted

A

B. More water is excreted

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25
What happens when aldosterone is decreased? A. More salt is excreted B. More water is excreted C. Less salt is excreted D. Less water is excreted
A. More salt is excreted
26
What happens when aldosterone is increased? A. More salt is excreted B. More water is excreted C. Less salt is excreted D. Less water is excreted
C. Less salt is excreted
27
What happens when ADH is increased? A. More salt is excreted B. More water is excreted C. Less salt is excreted D. Less water is excreted
D. Less water is excreted
28
How much amino acid is reabsorbed and how much is excreted?
100% is reabsorbed, 0% is excreted
29
How much urea is reabsorbed and how much is excreted?
40% is reabsorbed, 60% is excreted
30
What happens when vasopressin is decreased? A. More salt is excreted B. More water is excreted C. Less salt is excreted D. Less water is excreted
B. More water is excreted
31
The ADH / vasopressin regulates water reabsorption in which part/s of the kidneys?
DCT and collecting duct
32
Expected level of ADH and urine volume when there is increased body hydration
Decreased ADH, increased increased urine volume
33
What causes DI?
ADH deficiency
34
Urine volume for patients with DI. (Increased / decreased)
Increased
35
Cause of SIADH
ADH excess
36
Expected urine volume for patients with SIADH. (Increased / decreased)
Decreased
37
What hormone regulates water reabsorption?
ADH / vasopressin
38
What hormone regulates sodium reabsorption?
Aldosterone
39
When will RAAS be activated?
When there is low blood pressure
40
Effects of RAAS in aldosterone and ADH
Increased ADH and vasopressin
41
Effects of angiotensin II
Sodium and water reabsorption, vasoconstriction, corrects renal blood flow
42
What produces renin?
Juxtaglomerular cells
43
What converts angiotensinogen to angiotensin I?
Renin
44
What converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II?
ACE
45
What organ produces ACE?
Lungs
46
Active form of angiotensinogen
Angiotensin II
47
Identify the ff whether they are transported active or passively: 1. Water 2. Glucose 3. Sodium 4. Salts 5. Urea 6. Amino acids 7. Chloride
1. Passive 2. Active 3. Passive at PCT and DCT, active at Ascending LH 4. Active 5. Passive 6. Active 7. Active
48
Identify the locations where the ff can be reabsorbed: 1. Glucose 2. Amino acids 3. Chloride 4. Salts 5. Sodium 6. Urea 7. Water
1. PCT 2. PCT 3. Ascending LH 4. PCT 5. PCT DCT ascending LH 6. PCT Ascending LH 7. PCT descending LH CD
49
Major site for removal of nonfiltered substances
PCT
50
Inability to produce acidic urine
Renal tubular acidosis
51
What is the urine pH for px with renal tubular acidosis?
Alkaline
52
What is the blood pH for px with renal tubular acidosis?
Acidic
53
What is the problem for px with renal tubular acidosis? A. Tubular reabsorption B. Tubular secretion C. Glomerular filtration D. Renal blood flow
B. Tubular secretion
54
Average normal blood pH
7.40
55
What is the normal pH of urine?
Slightly acidic
56
Test used to evaluate GFR
Clearance test
57
What is commonly measured in a clearance test?
Creatinine
58
What is measured in the gold standard/reference method for clearance test?
Inulin
59
Formula for clearance test (give the units as well for the result and each given)
(UV/P)x(1.73/body surface area) Creatinine clearance in mL/min Urine and plasma creatinine in mg/dL Urine volume in mL/min Body surface area in m^2
60
Variables of MDRD system formula
Ethnicity, BUN, serum albumin
61
Variables present in calculating using Cockgroft & Gault (give the units as well if necessary)
Age, sex, body weight in kg
62
What is the formula in computing glomerular filtration estimate? Give units as well
([140-age] [body weight in kg]) / 72 x serum creatinine in mg dL
63
What will you multiply in your Cockgroft & Gault result if the px is female?
0.85
64
Recommended computation for GFR by the NKDEP
MDSD-IDMS Traceable Formula
65
What does MDRD-IDMS stands for?
Modification of Diet in Renal Disease - Isotope Dilution Mass Spectrophotometry
66
Used to evaluate tubular secretion & renal blood flow
Dilution
67
Used to evaluate tubular reabsorption
Comcentration
68
Enumerate the commonly used concentration tests
Specific gravity, osmolarity
69
Enumerate the obsolete tests for concentration tests
Fishberg, Mosenthal
70
What concentration test deprives px of fluid for 24 hours?
Fishberg
71
What concentration test compares day and night urine in terms of volume & SG?
Mosenthal test
72
Differentiate SG and osmolarity
SG is influenced by the number & density of particles while osmolarity is only influenced by number of particles in solution
73
Enumerate the tests for tubular secretion and renal blood flow.
PAH, PSP
74
Which dilution test is already obsolete?
PSP (phenolsulfonpthalein)
75
The plasma concentration at which active transport stops.
Renal threshold
76
Renal concentration begins in which part pf the kidney?
Ascending and descending loop of Henle
77
The greatest source of error in any clearance procedure utilizing urine is?
The use of improperly timed urine specimens
78
Type of specimen used for measuring GFR
24 hour urine collection
79
True or False: large molecular weight molecules such as glucose and urea DO NOT contribute to the evaluation of renal concentration.
True
80
PAH stands for?
Para-aminohippuric acid

Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids (18 decks)

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