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Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids > Chapter 17 - Fecalysis > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Fecalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Around ____ (how much) of stool is passed per day

A

100-200 g

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2
Q

Human feces contains around ____% water and ___% solids

A

75; 25

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3
Q

Normal color feces

A

Brown

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4
Q

Color/appearances of feces for the ff

  1. Upper GI bleeding
  2. Lower GI bleeding
  3. Green vegetables
  4. Barium sulfate
  5. Bile duct obstruction
  6. Grape soda
  7. Porphyria
  8. Bile duct obstruction
  9. Pancreatic disorders
  10. Steatorrhea
  11. Cystic fibrosis (increase mucus)
  12. Cholera
  13. Typhoid
  14. Constipation
  15. Intestinal constriction
  16. Colitis
  17. Dysentery
  18. Oral antibiotics
A
  1. Black
  2. Red
  3. Green
  4. Pale yellow, white, gray
  5. Pale yellow, white, gray, bulky, frothy
  6. Blue
  7. Violet/purple
  8. Pale yellow, white, gray, bulky, frothy
  9. Bulky, frothy
  10. Bulky, frothy
  11. Butter-like
  12. Rice watery
  13. Pea-soup
  14. Scybalous (“goat droppings”)
  15. Ribbon-like
  16. Mucus, blood-streaked mucus
  17. Mucus, blood-streaked mucus
  18. Green
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5
Q

Optimal consistency for stool according to Bristol stool chart

A

Type 3 and 4 (4 as most optimal)

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6
Q

Bristol stool chart: separate hard clumps like nuts (hard to pass)

A

Type 1

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7
Q

Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool according to Bristol chart

A

Type 6

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8
Q

Watery, no solid piece, entire liquid according to Bristol stool chart

A

Type 7

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9
Q

Increased fats in stool

A

Steatorrhea

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10
Q

Presence of blood from upper GI bleeding in stool is termed as

A

Melena

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11
Q

Presence of blood from lower GI bleeding in stool is termed as

A

Hematochezia

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12
Q

How much fat is present in px’s stool with steatorrhea

A

> 6 g/day

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13
Q

Screening test for steatorrhea

A

Microscopic exam of feces for fat globules

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14
Q

Definitive test for steatorrhea

A

Fecal fat determination

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15
Q

Qualitative tests for fecal fat determination

A

Neutral fat stain, split fat stain

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16
Q

What type of lipid does neutral fat stain detects?

A

Triglycerides

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17
Q

What type of lipid does split fat stain detects?

A

Fatty acids

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18
Q

Rgt for neutral fat stain

A

95% ethanol and sudan III

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19
Q

Rgt for split fat stain

A

36% acetic acid and sudan III

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20
Q

Color of trigly or neutral fats in neutral fat stain

A

Orange droplets

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21
Q

Color of fatty acids in split fat stain

A

Orange droplets

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22
Q

Neutral fat stain amt of droplets for px w/ steatorrhea

A

> or = 60 droplets / hpf

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23
Q

Split fat stain amt of droplets for normal px

A

100 droplets (<4 um)

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24
Q

Gold std for fecal fat determination

A

Van de Kamer titration

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25
Q

Sample for Van de Kamer titration

A

3-day stool

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26
Q

What chemical is used in Van de Kamer titration?

A

NaOH

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27
Q

Normal value for Van de Kamer titration

A

1-6 g fats/day

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28
Q

Value of Van de Kamer titration for px with steatorrhea

A

> 6 g fats / days

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29
Q

Abnormal excretion of muscle fibers in feces

A

Creatorrhea

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30
Q

Stain used for determining muscle fibers in stool

A

10% eosin

31
Q

Abnormal result on counting muscle fibers in stool

A

> 10 undigested muscle fibers

32
Q

> 10 undigested muscle fibers are seen in diseases like ____

A

Biliary obstruction, cystic fibrosis

33
Q

Striation in one direction (fecal muscle fiber) inidicates?

A

Partially digested

34
Q

What is counted in fecal muscle fiber determination?

A

Striation in both directions indicating undigested muscle fibers

35
Q

Amt of neutrophils/hpf indicating invasive condition

A

> or = 3

36
Q

Guaiac fecal occult blood test is a screening test for ____

A

Color cancer

37
Q

Significant value for gFOBT

A

> 2.5 mL of blood / 150 g stool

38
Q

Sample for gFOBT

A

Center portion of the stool

39
Q

Enzyme used by gFOBT

A

Pseudoperoxidase

40
Q

Positive result for gFOBT

A

oxidized Guaiac (Blue)

41
Q

Preferred chromogen for FOBT

A

GUAIAC

42
Q

Most sensitive chromogen for FOBT

A

Benzidine

43
Q

Determine whether each of the ff can cause false pos or false neg

  1. Broccoli
  2. Turnip
  3. Red meat
  4. Aspirin
  5. NSAIDs
  6. Vit C
  7. Failure to wait specified time
  8. Melon
A
  1. Pos
  2. Pos
  3. Pos
  4. Pos
  5. Pos
  6. Neg
  7. Neg
  8. Pos
44
Q

Differentiates fetal blood and maternal blood

A

Apt test

45
Q

Spx for apt test

A

Infant stool

46
Q

Rgt used for apt test

A

1% NaOH

47
Q

Color of maternal blood in infant stool after apt test

A

Yellow-brown supernatant

48
Q

Color of fetal blood in infant stool after apt test

A

Pink solution

49
Q

Hgb present in infants

A

HbF

50
Q

Hgb present in maternal blood

A

HbA

51
Q

Alkali resistant

A. HbF
B. HbA

A

A

52
Q

Denatured by NaOH

A. HbF
B. HbA

A

B

53
Q

Detects trypsin enzyme (proteolytic enzyme secreted by pancreas)

A

X-ray film test (gelatin test)

54
Q

Regarding X-ray film test: Trypsin is ___ in cystic fibrosis

A. Positive
B. Negative

A

B

55
Q

When trypsin is present in stool, what does it do in x-ray film test?

A

Digests gelatin

56
Q

Most valuable in assessing cases of infant diarrhea

A

Carbohydrates

57
Q

Tests to determine diarrhea due to carbohydrate intake

A

Clinitest, fecal pH

58
Q

Clinitest using fecal spx value that indicates carb intolerance

A

> 0.5 g/dL

59
Q

Normal stool pH

A

7.0-8.0

60
Q

pH of stool that indicates carb disorders

A

<5.5

61
Q

Diarrhea is defined as stool weight of ____ w/ increased liquidity and frequency of ____

A

> 200 g/day; more than 3 times a day

62
Q

Differentiate acute diarrhea from chronic diarrhea

A

<4 wks if acute

>4 wks if chronic

63
Q

Major mechanisms of diarrhea

A

Secretory, osmotic, altered motility

64
Q

Retention of water and electrolytes in the large intestine due to incomplete breakdown or reabsorption of food

A

Osmotic diarrhea

65
Q

Increased secretion of water and electrolytes, which override the reabsorptive ability of the large intestine

A

Secretory diarrhea

66
Q

Enhanced or slow motility of intestines will cause

A

Altered motility diarrhea

67
Q

Identify whether the ff are secretory, osmotic or altered motility diarrhea

  1. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS)
  2. Malabsorption
  3. Bacterial infection
  4. Viral infection
  5. Protozoan infection
  6. Antacids
  7. Rapid gastric emptying (RGE) dumping syndrome
  8. Lactose intolerance
  9. Neoplasms
  10. Inflammatory bowel disease
  11. Collagen vascular dse
  12. Hormones and endocrine disorders
  13. Amebiasis
  14. Disaccharidase deficiency
A
  1. AM
  2. O
  3. S
  4. S
  5. S
  6. O
  7. AM
  8. O
  9. S
  10. S
  11. S
  12. S
  13. O
  14. O
68
Q

The color of stool is due to?

A

Urobilin / stercobilin

69
Q

The odor of feces is due to?

A

indole and Skatole

70
Q

Nirmal feces has osmolarity level of ____, Na+ level of ____, and K+ level of _____

A

290 mOsm/kg; 30 mmol/L; 75 mmol/L

71
Q

____ can distinguish steatorrhea due to maldigestion and malabsorption conditions

A

D-xylose test

72
Q

What is the spx for determining D-xylose for differentiating maldigestion and malabsorption conditions?

A

Urine

73
Q

If urine D-xylose is low, the resulting steatorrhea indicates _____

A

Malabsorption

74
Q

____ is a rapid test to estimate the amt of fat excretion

A

Acid steatocrit

Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids (18 decks)

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