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Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids > Chapter 17 - Fecalysis > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Fecalysis Flashcards

1
Q

Around ____ (how much) of stool is passed per day

A

100-200 g

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2
Q

Human feces contains around ____% water and ___% solids

A

75; 25

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3
Q

Normal color feces

A

Brown

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4
Q

Color/appearances of feces for the ff

  1. Upper GI bleeding
  2. Lower GI bleeding
  3. Green vegetables
  4. Barium sulfate
  5. Bile duct obstruction
  6. Grape soda
  7. Porphyria
  8. Bile duct obstruction
  9. Pancreatic disorders
  10. Steatorrhea
  11. Cystic fibrosis (increase mucus)
  12. Cholera
  13. Typhoid
  14. Constipation
  15. Intestinal constriction
  16. Colitis
  17. Dysentery
  18. Oral antibiotics
A
  1. Black
  2. Red
  3. Green
  4. Pale yellow, white, gray
  5. Pale yellow, white, gray, bulky, frothy
  6. Blue
  7. Violet/purple
  8. Pale yellow, white, gray, bulky, frothy
  9. Bulky, frothy
  10. Bulky, frothy
  11. Butter-like
  12. Rice watery
  13. Pea-soup
  14. Scybalous (“goat droppings”)
  15. Ribbon-like
  16. Mucus, blood-streaked mucus
  17. Mucus, blood-streaked mucus
  18. Green
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5
Q

Optimal consistency for stool according to Bristol stool chart

A

Type 3 and 4 (4 as most optimal)

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6
Q

Bristol stool chart: separate hard clumps like nuts (hard to pass)

A

Type 1

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7
Q

Fluffy pieces with ragged edges, a mushy stool according to Bristol chart

A

Type 6

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8
Q

Watery, no solid piece, entire liquid according to Bristol stool chart

A

Type 7

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9
Q

Increased fats in stool

A

Steatorrhea

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10
Q

Presence of blood from upper GI bleeding in stool is termed as

A

Melena

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11
Q

Presence of blood from lower GI bleeding in stool is termed as

A

Hematochezia

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12
Q

How much fat is present in px’s stool with steatorrhea

A

> 6 g/day

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13
Q

Screening test for steatorrhea

A

Microscopic exam of feces for fat globules

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14
Q

Definitive test for steatorrhea

A

Fecal fat determination

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15
Q

Qualitative tests for fecal fat determination

A

Neutral fat stain, split fat stain

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16
Q

What type of lipid does neutral fat stain detects?

A

Triglycerides

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17
Q

What type of lipid does split fat stain detects?

A

Fatty acids

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18
Q

Rgt for neutral fat stain

A

95% ethanol and sudan III

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19
Q

Rgt for split fat stain

A

36% acetic acid and sudan III

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20
Q

Color of trigly or neutral fats in neutral fat stain

A

Orange droplets

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21
Q

Color of fatty acids in split fat stain

A

Orange droplets

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22
Q

Neutral fat stain amt of droplets for px w/ steatorrhea

A

> or = 60 droplets / hpf

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23
Q

Split fat stain amt of droplets for normal px

A

100 droplets (<4 um)

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24
Q

Gold std for fecal fat determination

A

Van de Kamer titration

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25
Sample for Van de Kamer titration
3-day stool
26
What chemical is used in Van de Kamer titration?
NaOH
27
Normal value for Van de Kamer titration
1-6 g fats/day
28
Value of Van de Kamer titration for px with steatorrhea
>6 g fats / days
29
Abnormal excretion of muscle fibers in feces
Creatorrhea
30
Stain used for determining muscle fibers in stool
10% eosin
31
Abnormal result on counting muscle fibers in stool
>10 undigested muscle fibers
32
>10 undigested muscle fibers are seen in diseases like ____
Biliary obstruction, cystic fibrosis
33
Striation in one direction (fecal muscle fiber) inidicates?
Partially digested
34
What is counted in fecal muscle fiber determination?
Striation in both directions indicating undigested muscle fibers
35
Amt of neutrophils/hpf indicating invasive condition
> or = 3
36
Guaiac fecal occult blood test is a screening test for ____
Color cancer
37
Significant value for gFOBT
>2.5 mL of blood / 150 g stool
38
Sample for gFOBT
Center portion of the stool
39
Enzyme used by gFOBT
Pseudoperoxidase
40
Positive result for gFOBT
oxidized Guaiac (Blue)
41
Preferred chromogen for FOBT
GUAIAC
42
Most sensitive chromogen for FOBT
Benzidine
43
Determine whether each of the ff can cause false pos or false neg 1. Broccoli 2. Turnip 3. Red meat 4. Aspirin 5. NSAIDs 6. Vit C 7. Failure to wait specified time 8. Melon
1. Pos 2. Pos 3. Pos 4. Pos 5. Pos 6. Neg 7. Neg 8. Pos
44
Differentiates fetal blood and maternal blood
Apt test
45
Spx for apt test
Infant stool
46
Rgt used for apt test
1% NaOH
47
Color of maternal blood in infant stool after apt test
Yellow-brown supernatant
48
Color of fetal blood in infant stool after apt test
Pink solution
49
Hgb present in infants
HbF
50
Hgb present in maternal blood
HbA
51
Alkali resistant A. HbF B. HbA
A
52
Denatured by NaOH A. HbF B. HbA
B
53
Detects trypsin enzyme (proteolytic enzyme secreted by pancreas)
X-ray film test (gelatin test)
54
Regarding X-ray film test: Trypsin is ___ in cystic fibrosis A. Positive B. Negative
B
55
When trypsin is present in stool, what does it do in x-ray film test?
Digests gelatin
56
Most valuable in assessing cases of infant diarrhea
Carbohydrates
57
Tests to determine diarrhea due to carbohydrate intake
Clinitest, fecal pH
58
Clinitest using fecal spx value that indicates carb intolerance
>0.5 g/dL
59
Normal stool pH
7.0-8.0
60
pH of stool that indicates carb disorders
<5.5
61
Diarrhea is defined as stool weight of ____ w/ increased liquidity and frequency of ____
>200 g/day; more than 3 times a day
62
Differentiate acute diarrhea from chronic diarrhea
<4 wks if acute | >4 wks if chronic
63
Major mechanisms of diarrhea
Secretory, osmotic, altered motility
64
Retention of water and electrolytes in the large intestine due to incomplete breakdown or reabsorption of food
Osmotic diarrhea
65
Increased secretion of water and electrolytes, which override the reabsorptive ability of the large intestine
Secretory diarrhea
66
Enhanced or slow motility of intestines will cause
Altered motility diarrhea
67
Identify whether the ff are secretory, osmotic or altered motility diarrhea 1. Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) 2. Malabsorption 3. Bacterial infection 4. Viral infection 5. Protozoan infection 6. Antacids 7. Rapid gastric emptying (RGE) dumping syndrome 8. Lactose intolerance 9. Neoplasms 10. Inflammatory bowel disease 11. Collagen vascular dse 12. Hormones and endocrine disorders 13. Amebiasis 14. Disaccharidase deficiency
1. AM 2. O 3. S 4. S 5. S 6. O 7. AM 8. O 9. S 10. S 11. S 12. S 13. O 14. O
68
The color of stool is due to?
Urobilin / stercobilin
69
The odor of feces is due to?
indole and Skatole
70
Nirmal feces has osmolarity level of ____, Na+ level of ____, and K+ level of _____
290 mOsm/kg; 30 mmol/L; 75 mmol/L
71
____ can distinguish steatorrhea due to maldigestion and malabsorption conditions
D-xylose test
72
What is the spx for determining D-xylose for differentiating maldigestion and malabsorption conditions?
Urine
73
If urine D-xylose is low, the resulting steatorrhea indicates _____
Malabsorption
74
____ is a rapid test to estimate the amt of fat excretion
Acid steatocrit

Analysis of Urine and Other Body Fluids (18 decks)

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